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Biomedical subjects

R Wróblewski

Publications and source records attributed to R Wróblewski.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

X-ray microanalysis of developing and mature inner ear.

X-ray microanalysis technique is a new tool in inner ear research. According to the literature in this field only the energy dispersive type of analysis has been used. Data obtained from X-ray microanalysis are in agreement with results using other techniques, mainly fluid withdrawal from the endo- and perilymphatic spaces. The introduction of serial sectioning (16 microns thick sections) of the temporal bone for microanalysis now also permits analysis of embryonic material with its delicate structures too small for other techniques. The energy dispersive technique is thus suitable for analysis of both biological fluids and tissues. Studies have so far been focused on mainly normal conditions in the embryonic and adult labyrinth.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of otoconia in the normal and in the genetically deaf inner ear.

By using the energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis technique the elemental composition of otoconia was analyzed in the normal fetal and normal adult, Shaker-1 and Shaker-2 mouse. There are no statistically significant differences in Ca concentration between otoconia seen in normal nineteenth gestational day (CBA/CBA) fetuses and that seen in 2-month-old animals. However, the standard deviation is almost three times larger in fetal than in adult otoconia. In all analyses, in both normal and mutant species, the following, elements were identified: Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, and Ca. The present findings strongly indicate a calcite composition of otoconia in both normal and mutant species. Significant differences in Ca concentration (p less than 0.05) occurred between the central and peripheral parts of large otoconia in normal mice. No difference in the elemental composition of otoconia in adult normal and Sh-2 mutants was detected. Differences occurred between adult normal and Sh-1 otoconia (Na--p less than 0.05; Mg--p less than 0.001; K--p less than 0.001; Ca--p less than 0.02). It is, however, unlikely that the shaking-waltzing behavior of Sh-1 and Sh-2 mutants derives from a minimal derangement of the elemental composition of otoconia.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Genuine myotubular myopathy.

Two patients, a father and his 14-year-old son, were suffering from a facioperoneal syndrome, and muscle biopsy findings were consistent with a myotubular myopathy. The father exhibited central nuclei in most muscle fibers, but his son had typical changes exclusively in hypotrophic type I fibers. The cytochemical and ultrastructural analysis revealed a spectrum of pathological changes typical of myotubular myopathy. Energy-dispersive electron probe x-ray microanalysis was performed on 6- to 12-microns thick freeze-dried cryosections visualized in the scanning or scanning transmission mode of electron microscopy. We found a high intracellular sodium and chlorine concentration and a low potassium concentration in comparison with control muscles. These changes pointed in the direction similar to results from human fetal muscle. The changes in the intracellular elemental composition may indicate a membrane pump dysfunction, which might be caused by a partial arrest in muscle fiber maturation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

X-ray microanalysis of inner ear fluids in the embryonic and newborn guinea pig.

In energy-dispersive histograms, changes in the relative peak intensities were followed, especially C1 and K, which indicate the maturation of endolymph. The maturation of endolymph in the guinea pig occurs prior to birth. In X-ray histograms, distinct peaks for C1 and K, but also for Na, were observed approximately 20 days before (DBB). The lesser relative peak intensities for C1 and K as compared with mature endolymph indicate an immature endolymph composition at this stage of development. The relative peak intensities of C1 and K increased at approximately the 10-DBB stage and showed similar values as at birth.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Quantitative x-ray microanalysis of spleen lysosomes after acid phosphatase reaction.

A quantitative X-ray microanalytical study of 80 spleen lysosomes after histochemical reaction for acid phosphatase was carried out. Lysosomal Fe concentrations showed a skewed distribution, with most lysosomes having relatively low concentrations. The concentration of Pb in the lysosomes (indicative of acid phosphatase activity) showed a close to normal distribution. Although the plot of lysosomal Pb concentrations against Fe concentrations showed a marked scattering of the points, there is a statistically highly significant correlation between accumulated metal and acid phosphatase activity as determined from the Pb concentrations. The relation between concentrations of P and those of Pb in the lysosomes points to the possibility that Pb(H2PO4)2 is the main reaction product of the histochemical acid phosphatase reaction.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1982

Healthy and diseased striated muscle studied by analytical scanning electron microscopy with special reference to fibre type.

X-ray microanalytical investigations of striated muscles in the scanning electron microscope are reviewed. The main part of the studies was performed on cryosections cut with a conventional cryostat operating at -20 degrees C to -40 degrees C. The preparation procedure including different types of attachment of the sections to the specimen holder is described in detail. The elemental changes in muscle are related to the muscle fibre type as demonstrated by histochemical methods or to histochemically demonstrated inclusions in diseased muscles. This is of great importance, because muscle disorders are often characterised by selective involvement of different muscle fibre types. The preparation methods of muscle for analytical scanning electron microscopy and the obtained results are compared with studies performed on thin cryo and epoxy sections, analysed in the transmission and scanning-transmission electron microscope. It is evident that X-ray microanalysis performed on thick cryosections provide a quick survey of the elemental composition of whole cells, and should be followed in interesting cases by close examination on the organelle level studied in thin cryosections in the transmission and scanning-transmission electron microscope.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1982

Five different types of centrally nucleated muscle fibres in man: elemental composition and morphological criteria. A study of myopathies, fetal tissue and muscle spindle.

Muscle biopsy material from patients with two types of benign hereditary myopathy was explored with electron probe X-ray microanalysis performed on thick cryosections observed in a scanning electron microscope equipped for the analyses. The elemental spectra thus obtained were related to the ratio between cross-sectional areas of centrally located nuclei and corresponding muscle fibres. Fetal myotubes and intrafusal muscle fibres were examined by the same methods. One of the myopathies was characterized by fibres resembling myotubes ('myotubular myopathy') and exhibited elementary spectra with i.a. higher sodium and chlorine and lower potassium signals than normally found. These spectra have a tinge of those found in fetal muscle and in extrafusal muscle fibres. The other type of myopathy had less specific morphological characteristics and exhibited different pathological changes in the muscle fibres and i.a. central nuclei in a considerable number of fibres. These nuclei were, however, smaller in relation to the cross-sectional area of the corresponding fibres than in fetal myotubes, fibres in the myotubular myopathy and in the intrafusal muscle fibres. Elemental spectra of muscle fibres in the latter myopathy conformed to the normal state. We conclude that central nuclei of muscle fibres is a pathological phenomenon which can mirror an arrest in fibre development as well as a muscle fibre degeneration. An arrest in the development is suspected in myopathic muscle fibres with large central nuclei and an elevated content of sodium chlorine in the sarcoplasm.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Elemental analysis of histochemically defined cells in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris.

A method for preparation of biological specimens for electron probe X-ray microanalysis is described, that aims at retaining the original elemental distribution within the tissue at the cellular level. The tissue is without any chemical fixation, quench-frozen, and 16-micron sections are prepared with a conventional cryomicrotome, transferred to a carbon specimen holder and freeze-dried. Adjacent serial sections, collected on glass slides and stained with various histological procedures, are used to correlate the data obtained by X-ray microanalysis with other histochemical information on the same cell or tissue. To demonstrate the possibilities of the method, sections of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris were analyzed. In the chloragogenous cells, high concentrations of Ca, Zn and P were found. The inner and outer muscle layer show slightly different properties, both with regard to elemental composition and to myofibrillar ATPase activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Sulphur and phosphorus content in relation to fibre composition and atrophy of skeletal muscle in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Seventeen patients with Parkinson's disease have been compared with 8 normal individuals by biopsy of either the biceps brachii or quadriceps femoris muscles. All biopsies were investigated by enzyme histochemistry. With 13 patients, as well as all controls, scanning electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis was employed on cryo-sections adjacent to those prepared for light microscopy. Thus, the elemental composition of single muscle fibres was obtained and could be related to histochemical fibre types. Fibre type analysis on the diseased material, based on differential stainability for alkali- and acid-stable ATPase, showed a normal type I and type IIA fibre frequency. A mild type IIB dominance at the expense of type IIA fibres was regarded as a significant deviation from normal. A slight to moderate muscle atrophy affected type IIB fibres almost exclusively. Normal content of sulphur and phosphorus was detected in type I and type IIA Fibres but a lowered sulphur content was obvious in type IIB fibres, especially in the atrophic ones, which also exhibited an increase in phosphorus content. The shift in fibre composition from IIA to IIB, the type IIB fibre atrophy and the change in sulphur and phosphorus content of type IIB fibres are interpreted as signs of a disuse which preferentially affects fast twitch type IIB motor units. These presumably have the highest threshold for activation under pathological conditions characterized by increased muscular tone and difficulties in the performance of rapid and strong voluntary movements.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1979

Surface analysis of screwposts.

The content and distribution of metallic ions on the surface of gold-plated brass screwposts (Dentatus and MecOdont) were analyzed by X-ray microanalysis. On screwposts from one of the manufacturers the protective outer layer of gold was found to be localized to specific areas of the posts, i.e. the grooves, while unprotected Cu-Zn alloy was found on the ridges. The results are discussed with regard to results on root posts published earlier. Screwposts constructed in this way would appear to be of doubtful clinical value.

Copper↗
PubMed1978

Electron probe X-ray microanalysis of human skeletal muscle involved in rheumatoid arthritis.

Electron probe X-ray microanalysis in the scanning microscope was used to determine the elemental composition of muscle fibres from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Quantitative data concerning phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine and potassium were correlated to the fibre type by a routine method based on serial cryosectioning and histochemical staining of adjacent sections. Significantly lowered sulphur values were found in type II A and II B muscle fibres of RA patients as compared to those of healthy controls. Traces of gold were detected in muscles of two patients treated with gold salts. The basis and mechanism for the decreased sulphur content in RA muscles are so far unknown, but may depend on the decreased amount of sulphur-rich potein(s).

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Migration of metallic ions from screwposts into dentin and surrounding tissues.

Previous investigations have shown htat corrosion and other electrochemical processes occure when different alloys or metals are found together in the same mouth. In the present report, when teeth were restored using non-noble metallic posts, the metals diffused out to surrounding hard and soft connective tissues. The material consisted of extracted teeth with screw posts and surrounding discolored connective tissues. The screwposts had been cemented to the teeth 3--10 years earlier. The distribution of metal ions was determined by means of energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Copper and zinc were found in both hard and soft tissues. Relatively high concentrations of copper ions were identified in areas of the teeth with blue-green discolorations. Zinc ions were detected in the dentin; they most probably originated from the screwposts and the cement, but zinc is also found in normal human dentin. Copper, zinc, silver and iron were found in the dark discolorations of the gingiva adjacent to the extracted teeth.

Connective Tissue↗
PubMed1977

Xenogeneic neoplastic transplants in adult rats pretreated with thymic foetal extracts.

The paper deals with the effect of thymic extracts from young foetal pigs and calves on the development of tumour xenografts, i.e. mouse ascites Ehrlich carcinoma and hamster malignant melanoma, in rats. The results of experiments showed that Ehrlich carcinoma developed in 4 out of 72 animals, i.e., in those animals which had received thymic extracts from young foetal pigs, Ehrlich carcinoma led to their death. Ehrlich carcinoma assumed a solid form and the cells changed in their shape. It developed normally, when retransplanted to mice. Hamster melanoma, when transplanted to rats given thymic extracts from young foetal calves, developed and survived for long periods of time (in one animal up to 190 days, and in the remaining animals much longer than in the controls and the animals injected with liver extracts from young foetal calves). The melanoma xenograft was not morphologically changed. A normal development of the malignant process occurred when melanoma was retransplanted to hamsters. Animals injected with thymic extracts from young foetal calves exhibited lymphopoenia and a fall in gamma globulin levels before tumour transplantation.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Ultrastructural and histochemical studies of muscle in rheumatoid arthritis.

Muscle biopsy material from 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis was investigated by electron microscopy. Degenerative changes and atrophy of the muscle fibres were observed. The periphery of the fibre was indistinct and showed an increased content of lipofuscin granules and remnants of myofilaments. Mitochondria were frequent in the subsarcolemmal regions, but between the myofibrils these were rarer than in healthy subjects. The triads were often swollen and displaced. Capillaries were more frequent than in normal material; the endothelial cells and especially the basement membrane showed pathological changes. Satellite cells were frequent and are regarded as an indication of regeneration.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Elemental composition of individual cells and tissues in the cochlea.

Localization of elements at the cellular and sub-cellular levels was performed with the energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis technique, using shock-frozen, freeze-dried and araldite-embedded mouse (CBA/CBA) cochleae sectioned dry. Anatomical identification occurred in the STEM (scanning transmission electron microscopy) mode. In inner hair cell stereocilia the K/Na ratio was 70:1 but only 20:1 in the cytoplasm. In outer hair cell cytoplasm the K/Na ratio was 11:1 while the ratio in stereocilia was similar to that in inner hair cells. Ca was identified in stereocilia and the upper part of the cytoplasm of both outer and inner hair cells. The elemental composition in the subtectorial space is endolymph-like and that in the inner tunnel of the organ of Corti is similar to extracellular fluid. Considerable regional differences in elemental composition occur in the tectorial membrane with regard to P, K and Ca. The highest concentration of Ca occurs in the basal part of the tectorial membrane towards the sensory hairs. The highest concentration of K occurs in the basal and outer parts whereas the middle part of the tectorial membrane contains low levels of both K and Ca. The elemental composition changes in two main directions: 1) from the limbal (growing) region to the tip of the tectorial membrane, and, 2) from upper to lower surfaces. The three cell types of the stria vascularis differ considerably in elemental composition. The highest concentration of K occurs in marginal cells. The basal cells contain more K than do the intermediate cells. A significantly higher concentration of Ca, Cl and Na occurs in marginal cell cytoplasm than in any other cell type in the stria vascularis.

Animals↗