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Biomedical subjects

R de Haller

Publications and source records attributed to R de Haller.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Drug resistant tuberculosis in prisons in Azerbaijan: case study.

OBJECTIVES: To document the existence of drug resistance in a tuberculosis treatment programme that adheres strictly to the DOTS principles (directly observed treatment, short course) and to determine the extent of drug resistance in a prison setting in one of the republics of the former Soviet Union. DESIGN: Case study. SETTING: Central Penitentiary Hospital in Baku, the referral centre for tuberculosis patients from all prisons in Azerbaijan. SUBJECTS: Prisoners with tuberculosis: 28 selected patients not responding clinically or bacteriologically to the standard treatment (group 1) and 38 consecutive patients at admission to the programme (group 2). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains grown from sputum. RESULTS: All the non-responding patients (group 1) had strains resistant to at least one drug. 25 (89%) of the non-responding patients and nine (24%) of the consecutive patients had M tuberculosis strains resistant to both rifampicin and isoniazid. A further 17 patients in group 2 had strains resistant to one or more first line drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Drug resistant M tuberculosis strains are common in prisons in Azerbaijan. Tuberculosis problems tend to be worse in prisons, but prisoners and former prisoners may have an important role in the transmission of tuberculosis, particularly of drug resistant forms, in the community. National programmes to control tuberculosis will have to take into account and address the problems in prisons to ensure their success.

Antibiotics, Antitubercular↗
PubMed1993

[Efficacy of smoking prevention campaign in adolescents: critical review of the literature].

This review is intended to assist those interested in smoking prevention in young people in choosing the most efficient and cost-effective methods. The importance of a critical analysis of the abundant literature available on the topic before implementing a new programme is stressed. In view of the present knowledge, preventive methods should start at age 12 and extend up to age 18 through actualizing sessions. The most promising programme should include learning to resist to social pressures and a cognitive and developmental approach which anchor smoking prevention in the psychological evolution of the adolescent. Training of peers being disproportionate in regard to what can be expected from their intervention, one key element is the teacher's training in the technique of changing behaviour. Evaluation of methodology and of long term results should belong to any programme.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Domiciliary oxygen--by liquid or concentrator? Working Group on Oxygen Therapy of IUATLD.

A few hypoxaemic and even less non-hypoxaemic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) benefit from portable oxygen. For these few, selected by double-blind tests against compressed air, liquid oxygen would seem more convenient and efficient. The extra cost of treating all hypoxaemic COPD patients with liquid oxygen by displacing the oxygen concentrator is not justified on the basis of current knowledge. The application of differing oxygen delivery systems to COPD patients requires more evaluation. The selection of patients for long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) still presents major difficulties, which reflects on the numbers of patients likely to benefit from portable oxygen. No studies have yet shown the benefit of LTOT to chronic respiratory failure in other disorders such as lung fibrosis. As the pathophysiology is quite different, extension of the use of LTOT and portable oxygen to non-COPD patients must be treated with great caution.

Home Nursing↗
PubMed1990

[Mechanical home ventilation: its organization in Switzerland and perspectives].

Aware of the improvement of quality of life which home ventilation can bring to some patients with respiratory insufficiency, the Swiss Association against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (SATL) has organized this treatment for the country. Purchase and management of the apparatus are taken over by the Swiss Federation for Common Tasks of the Sickness Insurance, and the cantonal Leagues of the SATL will provide the home supervision. In order to limit this expensive treatment which may be heavy for patients and families, guidelines have been issued. They specify the indications, the prerequisites, the conditions for providing the apparatus, the home surveillance and the prospective evaluation. Presently home ventilation is estimated to be indicated in about 200 patients in Switzerland.

Home Care Services↗
PubMed1990

Spinal tuberculosis in a developed country. A review of 26 cases with special emphasis on abscesses and neurologic complications.

A retrospective study of 26 cases was analyzed to review the sometimes unfamiliar clinical appearance and outcome of Pott's disease. Swiss nationals (46%) were older than patients from Mediterranean or developing countries (mean age, 69 versus 29 years). The number of vertebrae initially involved was 2.2. Localization was lumbar in ten cases, thoracic and lumbar in two, and thoracic or cervical in 14. Abscesses were present in 15 (57%) subjects and appeared during treatment in 20% of these cases. They were twice as frequent in non-Swiss patients. Three patients had surgery because of progression of the abscess under treatment. Ten cases needed single or multiple aspirations. Three of six lumbar abscesses were initially visualized only by computed tomography. Neurologic complications occurred in 12 (46%) patients, 11 of whom had cervical or thoracic vertebrae involved. In four cases (33%), the neurologic deficit developed during the first two months of treatment. Three patients had laminectomies, two without any benefit. Outcome was favorable for 11 of 12 patients without any difference between conservative treatment and surgery. Neurologic symptoms are in most cases related to radicular and medullary inflammation, with arachnoiditis and without compression. The possible benefit of steroids seems promising enough to warrant further investigation.

Abscess↗
PubMed1989

[Use of precipitins in the diagnosis of bird fancier's lung: apropos of 2 cases].

Bird breeder's disease is a frequent diagnosis among the forms of extrinsic allergic alveolitis seen in the urban environment. We report two illustrative cases and discuss the respective roles of broncho-alveolar lavage cells and precipitating antibodies against avian antigens in the diagnostic work-up and the pathogenesis of the disease. In 1988 we evaluated over 100 sera from all over Switzerland with clinical suspicion of bird breeder's disease. In this cohort preliminary results show sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 92% for the presence of precipitins against avian antigens in the diagnosis of bird breeder's disease. The results suggest that this non-invasive test deserves revaluation as a diagnostic tool in bird breeder's disease.

Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic↗
PubMed1989

[Long-term oxygen therapy in Switzerland].

In Switzerland long-term oxygen treatment is chiefly performed with oxygen concentrators provided by the Swiss Association against Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases through its cantonal leagues. Prescription and supervision are carried out according to the Association's guidelines. To assess compliance with these guidelines, the prescription forms of 447 patients (1981-1985) were analyzed concerning diagnosis, lung function and blood gases. Of the 398 diagnoses mentioned, 73% were COPD, 16% restrictive syndromes and 11% cardiovascular diseases (including cor pulmonale). Lung function results were given in 81% of the total but in only 73% and 67% of two non-COPD groups. Blood gases at ambiant air were given in 92% and under oxygen at the flow chosen for treatment in 72%. At ambiant air the PaO2 was greater than 7.33 kPa in 21% (8.18 +/- 0.85 kPa) and less than 5.33 kPa in 19% (4.86 +/- 0.33 kPa). - These results show that prescription criteria are not always correctly met, especially in non-COPD patients. They also suggest that long-term oxygen treatment is often prescribed mainly on the basis of clinical criteria, despite a PaO2 which would not require it, and also in unstable state, as indicated by the high proportion of cases with very low PaO2. The rationale behind the guidelines should be explained more clearly to prescribing doctors, in order to confine this difficult and costly treatment to patients who really need it.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[Intermittent mechanical ventilation as home care].

Nocturnal mechanical ventilation (NMV) is a promising technique increasing survival and improving the quality of life of myopathic and kyphoscoliotic patients. The indications for NMV must be careful and the patients strictly selected. NMV is rarely useful in patients with pulmonary diseases, like COPD or restrictive disorders. When a professional medical and paramedical support is locally available, NMV can be undertaken at home. Negative and positive pressure ventilation can be used for NMV. Actually, tracheostomy can be replaced very often by a new type of positive pressure ventilation via a nasal face mask. We present here our series of 11 patients submitted to NMV and describe carefully the problems and the results of a 5-years experience with NMV in Geneva.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Humidifier disease. Role of endotoxins and precipitating antibodies].

A case of an acute form of humidifier disease secondary to the inhalation of endotoxins (humidifier fever) is reported. The respective roles of endotoxins and precipitating antibodies in the diagnosis of the two forms of humidifier disease are discussed. This appears to be an important epidemiological problem in Switzerland, since the authors see approximately one case a month. With respect to treatment, preventive measures are necessary and usually sufficient.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Pleuropulmonary infection caused by Mycobacterium smegmatis. Case description and literature review].

The case is described of a patient with a tracheostomy subsequent to laryngectomy for carcinoma, who developed a pleuro-pulmonary infection due to Mycobacterium smegmatis complicating lipoid pneumonia after prolonged instillation of gomenol oil into the tracheostoma. The adjuvant property of lipids for the development of respiratory infections due to M. smegmatis and other rapid-growing mycobacteria is discussed in the light of the cases described in the literature.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1986

Exercise induced asthma and endogenous opioids.

Concentrations of endogenous opioid peptides in the plasma are increased during exercise and these substances have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma induced by chloropropramide and alcohol in diabetic patients. This work was undertaken to determine whether exercise induced asthma might be mediated by endogenous opioids. Plasma beta endorphin, met-enkephalin, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) concentrations were measured in five asthmatic patients and five normal volunteers breathing cold air during exercise. In four of the patients the effect of an infusion of naloxone on FEV1 was also measured during exercise induced asthma. Exercise produced acute bronchoconstriction in all asthmatics, characterised by a fall in FEV1; whereas no change occurred in normal subjects. There was no difference in plasma met-enkephalin, beta endorphin, and ACTH concentration between the two groups. Infusion of naloxone neither prevented nor worsened exercise induced asthma. These data suggest that endogenous opioids probably do not play a part in the development of exercise induced asthma.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Therapeutic approach to tuberculosis brought in from Third World countries].

The incidence of tuberculosis in subjects from countries of the Third World remains higher than that of the adoptive country for many years. This is particularly the case for children. The surveillance and preventive chemotherapy of these populations are therefore important. If chemoprophylaxis or treatment have to be prescribed, it must be remembered that tubercle bacilli of the Third World are often resistant to different antibiotics.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed1983

[Epidemiology of pulmonary tuberculosis in the prison environment].

Despite the decline in pulmonary tuberculosis in industrial countries since the beginning of the century, screening remains important, particularly in population groups at special risk such as jail inmates. A 1-year prospective study in 865 prisoners in Geneva shows that the prevalence of active and residual tuberculosis is five to ten times higher than in the general population. The reasons for this high prevalence are low socio-economic status and lack of a regular job or fixed residence for many prisoners. These facts illustrate the importance of introducing systematic diagnosis and, if necessary, rapid therapeutic measures in jails, with the triple purpose of contributing to the fight against tuberculosis among prisoners, prison staff and the population as a whole.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Comparison of skin reactions (Mantoux) made with 2 common tuberculins in Switzerland: diagnostic and epidemiologic implications].

Simultaneous tuberculin skin tests (Mantoux) with the two products used in Switzerland (both from RT 23) were compared in 36 individuals. The results show a wide range of scatter with a very poor correlation coefficient. Out of these 36 subjects - of whom 12 had tuberculosis-with positive skin test with one tuberculin, only 11 had a positive result with the other, the mean diameter of the latter being 50% lower. These findings make interpretation of the national tuberculin cadaster hazardous and also render proper diagnosis in individual cases very difficult if the two tuberculins are used. As in other countries, only one tuberculin should be used on the national scale, in order to provide comparable epidemiological data and guarantee better individual diagnosis.

Adult↗