Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Ricardo Correa-Rotter.
The question of the minimum dose for adequate peritoneal dialysis has been settled following the publication of two randomized controlled studies and a number of nonrandomized studies. This review summarizes these studies, concluding that these studies support a weekly total Kt/V of 1.7 as the minimum dose, with careful observation for symptoms or signs of uremia and adjustment of the clearance as indicated.
BACKGROUND: End-stage renal disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In 1975, the US Renal Transplant Registry reported the first lupus patients, who received a renal transplant. This study reported 60% and 55% patient/graft survival respectively at a mean time of two years; these results were similar to those of non-lupus transplanted patients in this same post-transplant lapse time. Renal transplantation is a world wide accepted therapeutic option in the treatment of SLE patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In order to identify the risk factors associated to renal graft loss in SLE patients and to compare graft survival between these patients and control transplant patients, matched by age, gender, haplotype match, and transplant date (+/- three years), we performed a retrospective analysis of all SLE patients that received a renal transplant in our Institute. RESULTS: From 1967 to March 1997, 25 (5.5%) out of 452 renal transplants were performed in 22 SLE patients, mean age 29 +/- 10 years, 20 were female (90%). In 18 patients (85.7%) we obtained pre-transplant histological diagnosis: 13 (72%) type IV glomerulonephritis according to the OMS classification, three (17%) type VI, and two (11%) type III. Twelve patients (57%) were subjected to hemodialysis in the pre-transplant period and none (43%) to peritoneal dialysis. The time elapsed between the diagnosis of SLE and the start of dialysis was 50 +/- 70 months, the time on dialysis was 18 +/- 17 months, the post-transplant renal follow-up 46.9 +/- 41.5 months, and the graft source: 18 (78%) from living related (three sharing 0 haplotypes, 12 sharing 1 haplotype, and three sharing 2 haplotypes), and five (22%) from cadaver donors. Triple drug immunosuppresive therapy (cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone) was employed in 17 patients and double drug therapy (azathioprine and prednisone) in the remaining six cases. We registered seven acute rejection episodes in five patients (30%), one of them lost the graft. Five patients presented a post-transplant thrombotic event, two of these were in the graft's artery. In two patients post-transplant SLE activity was documented, one case in with renal activity in the graft and the other with extrarenal activity. Risk factors analyzed for graft loss: number of pre-transplant thrombosis events, time elapsed between diagnosis of SLE at start of dialysis (< or = 6 months), time on dialysis (< or = 12 months), graft source, chronic rejection, and follow-up were not significant; in contrast, post-transplant thrombosis was the only identified risk factor for graft loss. Graft survival analysis at 50 months in SLE transplanted patients versus control non-SLE transplanted patients did not show significant differences (74% vs. 83%, log rank 0.11). CONCLUSIONS: Post-transplant thrombosis was identified as a risk factor for graft loss. In concordance with recent studies, pre-transplant thrombosis, time elapsed between diagnosis of SLE at start of dialysis and time on dialysis were not risk factors for graft loss in this study. Graft survival in renal transplants recipients with SLE was not different from that of the general renal transplant population.
Current management of renal transplant recipients who are CMV seronegative (R-) and receive an organ from a seropositive donor (D+) is controversial. These patients are at high risk for CMV disease and are usually treated with ganciclovir prophylaxis at variable dose and duration. An alternative to this approach is to administer ganciclovir only to those patients who are identified by virological markers to be at the highest risk to develop the disease (preemptive therapy). This prospective trial was conducted to asses the value of preemptive therapy to prevent CMV disease in R-/D+ kidney transplant recipients on triple drug immunosuppression without antilymphocyte induction. Sixteen adults receiving their first kidney transplant were enrolled and followed with pp65 antigenemia assay performed biweekly for the first 16 postransplant weeks, and then monthly to complete 12 months. Ganciclovir (5 mg/kg/day i.v., for 15 days) was administered as preemptive therapy upon detection of one or more antigen-positive cells per 150 x 10(3) peripheral blood leucocytes examined. For those receiving preemptive therapy, pp65 antigenemia was also repeated after completion of the regimen. CMV antigenemia was detected in 7/16 patients. At mean follow-up of 9 months (4-12 m) none of the 16 patients developed CMV disease. CMV serology (IgM) became positive in all patients after the first antigenemia result. The last follow-up mean serum creatinine (SCr) level was similar in both groups (1.35 mg/dL). In CMV R-/D+, the use of preemptive therapy guided by pp65 antigenemia is effective in preventing CMV disease. By using this strategy, 9 of 16 patients were spared ganciclovir prophylaxis with no effect on rejection or CMV disease. The clinical benefit and cost/effectiveness of this strategy should be evaluated against universal prophylaxis in these high-risk patients.
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UNLABELLED: Transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) is a cause of severe post transplant hypertension with a widely variable reported incidence from 1 to 25%. We herein report 3 cases of endoluminal stent placement after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for treatment of TRAS. Clinical and laboratory findings during their follow-up, suggestive of TRAS included: elevated mean blood pressure, bruit over the graft area(2/3), and increase in serum creatinine (2/3). Doppler sonography, radioisotope renography and arteriography were performed to confirm TRAS diagnosis. The series includes 2 female and 1 male patients; the time elapsed between transplantation and TRAS diagnosis was 25 d, 12 and 65 months, respectively. All grafts were from living related donors. Patients received at least 3 antihypertensive drugs without adequate blood pressure control. Vascular anastomosis was end to end from the renal to the hypogastric artery in two cases, and end to side to the external iliac artery in the other one. After the diagnosis of TRAS, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with endoluminal metallic Palmaz stent placement was accomplished in the three cases. No complications occurred during or after the procedures. Beneficial clinical results were obtained in all cases documented by a decrease in both: serum creatinine, and mean blood pressure. Average follow-up after stent placement was 13, 19 and 36 months, respectively without evidence of stenosis recurrence CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stent placement is a safe and effective treatment for TRAS associated hypertension and renal dysfunction. Extended follow-up is necessary to evaluate long-term efficacy and safety of this procedure.
BACKGROUND: Primary aldosteronism is a syndrome clinically characterized by systemic arterial hypertension and hypokalemia that occurs most frequently as a consequence of the excessive production of aldosterone by adrenal cortical hyperplasia or a functioning tumor. Surgical resection of the tumor leads to cure of the disease in most patients. The aim of this study was to analyze a series of patients with an adrenal aldosterone-producing tumor. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical records of 13 patients with Conn syndrome were reviewed analyzing the clinical presentation, diagnosis, localizing techniques, treatment and follow-up with emphasis in the postoperative outcome of hypertension and serum potassium. RESULTS: From a total of 105 patients who underwent adrenalectomy in a 12-year period (August 1991-February 2003), 13 patients were operated on to remove an adrenal aldosterone-producing tumor. Mean age was of 43 +/- 11 years, 8 were women and 5 men. All presented with arterial hypertension and 11 also had hypokalemia. Diagnosis of Conn syndrome was established by laboratory tests and an adrenal tumor was found by image studies in all patients. Open adrenalectomy was performed in 2 patients and 11 underwent a laparoscopic procedure. There was neither surgical morbidity nor mortality. The histological analysis established the diagnosis of adenoma in 12 patients and carcinoma in 1. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.1 days. A total of 12 patients became normotensive after surgery and potassium levels returned to normal in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Conn syndrome was present in 12% of patients undergoing adrenal surgery. Arterial hypertension, low plasma renin activity levels, and hypokalemia were present in all patients. Image studies were able to localize the tumor in all cases and surgical resection of the tumor lead to normal arterial blood pressure in 92% of the patients and eukalemia in 100%.
BACKGROUND: The prognosis and outcome in patients with end stage renal disease is significantly related to the predialysis care and early or late nephrological referral. Late nephrological referral has been associated with more hospital admissions and mortality at six months after the dialysis was initiated. We lack information about the role of early nephrological referral and its impact in biochemical variables and first hospitalization in our country. METHODS: The charts of all patients that were admitted to peritoneal dialysis in the period 01/1999-06/2001 were reviewed. We divided the population in group A with patients referred to nephrologist more than 3 months before the start of dialysis (early referral) and group B with those patients referred for a period shorter than three months or no referred before the start of dialysis (late referral or no referral). The patient's characteristics, laboratory values, characteristics of the first hospitalization and drugs were analyzed when dialysis was initiated and after six months of follow-up. RESULTS: Patients in group A were older and the percentage of patients with diabetes and hypertension was higher. The patients with early referral started dialysis with higher levels of hemoglobin (9.2 vs. 8.3 g/dL, p = 0.01) and with lower serum levels of BUN (91 vs. 122.5 mg/dL, p = 0.0001), creatinine (8.4 vs. 12.8 mg/dL, p = 0.0002) and phosphorus (6.4 vs. 7.7 mg/dL, p = 0.01). The length of the first hospitalization was shorter in patients of Group A (5.7 vs. 10.5 days, p = 0.004) and the emergency department was less used to peritoneal catheter placement in this group (46.3 vs. 86.9%, p = 0.01). There were not differences in hospitalization between the two groups after six months. CONCLUSION: Patients with early referral to a nephrologist show better biochemical variables, shorter first hospitalization length and higher percentage of elective placement of catheter.
Systemic hypertension after kidney transplant (HAPT) has been associated with a reduction in graft survival and increased morbidity and mortality of kidney transplant recipients. With the use of calcinuerin inhibitors, prevalence of HAPT has increased to 60-80%. The purpose of this study was to document the prevalence of HAPT in kidney transplant recipients attending the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán" associated risk factors and the effect of hypertension in long term graft survival. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical charts of all the patients that underwent kidney transplant from 1984 to 1994. The following risk factors were studied: age, gender, cause of renal failure, presence of hypertension before kidney transplant, histocompatibility, acute rejection episodes, chronic rejection, serum creatinine values and use of cyclosporine. We divided subjects in two groups: normotensive (NT) and hypertensive (HT). HAPT included 3140/90 mmHg blood pressure level observed at least during two consecutive evaluations or the use of antihypertensive medication. We analyzed 215 grafts from 205 patients (10 patients had two kidney transplants); mean age at transplant of 30 +/- 9 years, 131 subjects were female and 84 male. One hundred and eighty eight patients (88%) displayed pretransplant hypertension. The mean follow up was 56+/-32 months. In the postransplant period 152 (71%) were HT and 63 (29%) NT. The HT group had significantly higher blood pressure and serum creatinine values than the NT group (P < 0.001), in spite of an adequate blood pressure control in 65% of the patients from the HT group. The NT group displayed a higher graft survival than the HT group; 60 +/- 30 months vs. 51 +/- 32 months respectively (p<0.01). Multivariate analysis did not show any risk factors independently associated with the development of HAPT. The prevalence of HAPT in our series is similar to the one reported in the literature. During the postransplant period there was a reduction of hypertensive patients (88% pretransplant vs. 71% postransplant). HAPT is a significant risk factor associated with long term survival of the graft.
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