The dilemma of exercising clinical judgment in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity.
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Decision Making↗
Biomedical subjects
Richard Saunders
Publications and source records attributed to Richard Saunders.
Guest editors' introduction: is EMF a potential environmental risk for children?
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Child↗
Head tilt-dependent esotropia associated with trisomy 21.
OBJECTIVE: To describe a series of patients who used a head tilt to control esotropia. DESIGN: Retrospective noncomparative case series. PARTICIPANTS: Seven children with esotropia that decreased with their compensatory abnormal head tilt. Six of the patients had trisomy 21. The patients had no other identifiable etiology for their head tilt, including no oblique muscle dysfunction, nystagmus that changed with head tilt, or uncorrected refractive error. INTERVENTION: Six patients underwent horizontal extraocular muscle surgery. Preoperative evaluation in 4 patients included assessment of the change in head position with either monocular occlusion or prisms. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ocular alignment in primary position and improvement in abnormal head tilt after surgery. RESULTS: In the 4 patients who underwent preoperative testing, the abnormal head tilt resolved with either monocular occlusion or prisms. The head tilt and esotropia were eliminated or improved in all patients who underwent strabismus surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal head tilt may be used as a compensatory maneuver to improve purely horizontal strabismus. This finding appears to be associated with trisomy 21. Horizontal extraocular muscle surgery may improve the head tilt in such patients.
Child, Preschool↗
Static magnetic fields: animal studies.
Various experimental studies carried out over the last 30-40 years have examined the effects of the chronic or acute exposure of laboratory animals to static magnetic fields. Many of the earlier studies have been adequately reviewed elsewhere; few adverse effects were identified. This review focuses on studies carried out more recently, mostly those using vertebrates, particularly mammals. Four main areas of investigation have been covered, viz., nervous system and behavioural studies, cardiovascular system responses, reproduction and development, and genotoxicity and cancer. Work on the role of the natural geomagnetic field in animal orientation and migration has been omitted. Generally, the acute responses found during exposure to static fields above about 4 T are consistent with those found in volunteer studies, namely the induction of flow potentials around the heart and the development of aversive/avoidance behaviour resulting from body movement in such fields. No consistently demonstrable effects of exposure to fields of approximately 1T and above have been seen on other behavioural or cardiovascular endpoints. In addition, no adverse effects of such fields on reproduction and development or on the growth and development of tumours have been firmly established. Overall, however, far too few animal studies have been carried out to reach any firm conclusions.
Animals↗