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Ritsu Sakata

Publications and source records attributed to Ritsu Sakata.

8 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Alcohol drinking frequency is more directly associated with alcohol use disorder than alcohol metabolizing enzymes among male Japanese.

The development of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is related to various social, economic, cultural, environmental and hereditary factors. Several potential risk factors have been proposed for AUD in addition to alcohol consumption, including alcohol dehydrogenase2 (ADH2), acetaldehyde dehydrogenase2 (ALDH2), marital status, educational, occupational or past medical history (e.g. diabetes mellitus, hypertension, lung, digestive tract, or chronic liver disease) or smoking habits. The present study was performed to investigate the relationship between the aforementioned potential risk factors and AUD in Japan. A case-control study was performed on 153 male Japanese AUD patients and age-, gender-, or other confounder-matched controls to investigate the relation multivariately between ADH2, ALDH2 or alcohol drinking and AUD. Genomic DNA were extracted from nail clippings by the guanidium method, and genotyping of ADH2 and ALDH2 were performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods. Univariate analyses by the conditional logistic regression model revealed statistically significant odds ratios due to ADH2*1/1 genotype, ALDH2*1/1 genotype, middle school as the final school attended, longest occupations as farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, miners, production process or construction workers, and past histories of chronic liver disease and AUD. However, multivariate analyses under a hierarchically well-formulated model strategy with interaction and confounding assessment indicated that (i) heavy alcohol intake was a significant risk factor (odds ratio per 1.0 g of daily ethanol intake; 1.096, 95% confidence interval; 1.026-1.171) for developing AUD after adjusting for other confounders; and (ii) ADH2*1/1 genotype and ALDH2*1/1 genotype were not risk factors after adjusting for daily ethanol intake and other confounders. The present study shows that AUD was more directly and strongly associated with alcohol drinking than with alcohol metabolizing enzymes among male Japanese.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Dietary habits and risk of death due to hepatocellular carcinoma in a large scale cohort study in Japan. Univariate analysis of JACC study data.

To explore the association between dietary habits and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mortality in Japan, univariate analyses was performed using data from the JACC Study. A cohort of 46,465 males and 64,327 females aged 40 to 79 in 19 prefectures in Japan completed the baseline survey during 1988-1990 and were followed up until the end of 1999. The hazard ratio (HR) of HCC mortality for each food item by gender, age group (40-59 and 60-79 years) and history of liver diseases was obtained by Cox proportional hazards model. Some categories, such as boiled rice, ham and sausage, chicken, fish and pickles among men without history of liver diseases and those of miso-soup, fish, carrots and squash, and potatoes among women without history of liver diseases showed a significant inverse association with HCC mortality. Frequent intake of eggs was significantly associated with increased HCC mortality in men without history of liver diseases. Potatoes and foods boiled down in soy sauce (tsukudani) showed a significant positive association, and pickles had a significant inverse association with HCC mortality in men with history of liver diseases. Frequent intake of coffee showed a significant inverse association with HCC mortality both in men and women with history of liver diseases. It is considered that further analysis using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model including other confounding factors will be required for a more meaningful interpretation of the data.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Risk of death due to hepatocellular carcinoma among drinkers and ex-drinkers. Univariate analysis of JACC study data.

Hazard ratios (HR) of death due to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were analyzed by gender and age strata (40-59 and 60-79) among drinkers and ex-drinkers in 66,974 eligible subjects from a a large cohort of male and female subjects aged 40-79 years, based on information about several drinking related characteristics. The HR of dying from HCC for ex-drinkers was 4 to 8 times higher than for those who had never consumed alcohol at the baseline survey. When the subjects were restricted to those without history of liver disease (LD), the HR was still high for ex-drinkers among younger males, though the difference was not statistically significant. It appeared that the earlier drinking habits were established, the higher the HR, especially for younger males without LD. Among total current drinkers, the amount ingested per occasion and the cumulative amount ingested at the baseline did not show significantly increased HRs. Among subjects without LD, larger amounts ingested per occasion and larger cumulative amount seemed to have higher HRs in older male current drinkers. Frequent drinking and later age (50 to 79) at cessation of drinking were associated with higher HRs among both genders and both age strata. After restricting the analysis to subjects without LD, many of these increased HRs remained among males. The results suggested that the association between alcohol drinking history and HR of HCC differs depending on the presence of LD. Major confounders other than age and gender associated with both drinking and HCC, e.g. smoking, hepatitis virus infection, or history of diabetes, were not considered in this analysis, and the observed associations might be confounded by any of these factors. To clarify the net association between alcohol drinking and HCC, further analysis is needed to control potential confounders, including past history of liver disease, and to consider probable effect modifiers.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Risk of death due to hepatocellular carcinoma among smokers and ex-smokers. Univariate analysis of JACC study data.

Hazard ratios (HR) of death due to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were analyzed by gender and age strata (40-59 and 60-79) among smokers and ex-smokers in 65,528 eligible subjects from a large cohort of males and females aged 40-79 years, based on information about several smoking-related characteristics. Both current smokers and ex-smokers among total older males had hazard ratios (HR) for dying from HCC that were 2 to 4 times higher than those who had never smoked at the baseline survey. When subjects were restricted to those without history of liver disease (LD), older male (60-79) ex-smokers presented a statistically significant HR of 5.0. Earlier age at start of smoking (15 to 19) showed a significantly increased HR of 4 to 8 for both current and ex-smokers. Moderate number of cigarettes smoked per day showed an increased HR, and later age at cessation of smoking had a higher HR compared to earlier cessation. Larger cumulative amount of smoking resulted in an elevated HR of 11 times than in those who had never smoked. Cigarette smoking was suggested to be an important risk factor for death from HCC regardless of whether the smoking habit was in the past or was continuing at present. To eliminate confounding effects and interaction with other risk factors of HCC and to clarify the net association between smoking habits and HCC, farther careful analysis using multivariate models is needed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Alcohol dehydrogenase-2 and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genotypes and male alcohol use disorders in Khon Kaen, north-east Thailand.

A case-control study on the relationship between alcohol dehydrogenase-2 (ADH2), aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) and male probable alcohol use disorders (AUD) was performed in Khon Kaen, north-east Thailand. One hundred and fifty-three paired cases (probable AUD) and controls (non-probable AUD) were sampled from villagers aged 18-65 years using the modified Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test - Thai version, controls being matched for gender, age (+/- 4 years) and village. All of the cases and 86.9% of the controls were current drinkers. The percentage of ADH2*1/1 among cases was 47.1%, being significantly larger than the 29.4% among controls, and yielding a univariate odds ratio (OR) of 2.421* (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.419-4.132) for developing probable AUD. The ALDH2*1/1 proportion among cases, 92.8%, was comparable to the 92.2% among controls, yielding a univariate OR of 1.100 (95%CI = 0.757-1.599). Multivariate analysis based on a conditional logistic regression model and a hierarchically well-formulated model strategy revealed that: (i) the OR of developing probable AUD due to 1 g increment of daily ethanol drinking was 1.110* among farmers (95%CI = 1.054-1.170); (ii) OR due to 1 g increment of daily ethanol drinking was 1.329* among non-farmers (95%CI = 1.109-1.593); (iii) OR due to either ADH2*1/1 or ALDH2*1/1 was insignificant; and (iv) the daily amount of smoking is independently associated with probable AUD. The present findings suggest that one of the genetic factors that may be related to probable AUD among Thai males living in the north-east is the ADH2 gene.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Past medical history and risk of death due to hepatocellular carcinoma, univariate analysis of JACC study data.

The relationship between the past history of selected diseases and the risk of dying from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was analyzed using 110,792 cohort members (46,465 males and 64,327 females) recruited between 1988 and 1990 by the JACC Study (the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk). Significantly elevated hazard ratios (HRs) were observed in both genders for the past history of kidney diseases, liver diseases, gallstones or cholecystitis, diabetes mellitus, and blood transfusion. Further, when analyzed by age group (those 40-59 years of age were "younger" and those 60-79 years of age were "older"), although the significant associations were generally maintained, the magnitude of the HRs for liver diseases and diabetes mellitus seemed to be considerably different between the younger and older age groups for male cohort members. When the analyses were limited to cohort members without the past history of liver diseases, the past histories which had significantly elevated HRs were hypertension (HR = 3.14, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25-7.89), diabetes mellitus (HR = 4.17, 95% CI: 1.22-14.25), and blood transfusion (HR = 7.69, 95% CI: 3.09-19.15) in the younger male age group and gallstone or cholecystitis (HR = 2.58, 95% CI: 1.11-5.98) in the older male age group. On the other hand, for females, the significantly elevated HRs were gastric or duodenal ulcer (HR = 4.33, 95% CI: 1.09-17.25) in the younger age group and diabetes mellitus (HR = 6.16, 95%CI: 2.25-16.90) and blood transfusion (HR = 3.86, 95%CI: 1.58-9.41) in the older age group. However, since the evidence from our univariate analyses might not be decisive, multivariate Cox proportional hazards models controlling for potential confounders and effect modifiers will be required to obtain more valid or unbiased hazard ratios.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A case-control study of association between life-style, alcohol dehydrogenase 2 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 genotype and idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head.

A case-control study of idiopathic osteonecrosis of femoral head (ION) was carried out to investigate the association between workload intensity, smoking, drinking, ADH2 and ALDH2 genotype and other factors and development of ION by comparing 43 cases (34 males and 9 females) without history of systemic corticosteroid use with 86 matched controls (68 males and 18 females). Univariate analysis by conditional logistic regression for males showed statistically significant odds ratios (OR) for heavier workload (OR = 4.661), cumulative alcohol consumption (OR trend per drink-years = 1.015), ALDH2(1/1) (OR = 3.310), consumption of green tea less than 3 or 4 times/week (OR = 2.705), body weight over 60 kg at examination (OR = 0.413), or body mass index of over 25 at examination (OR = 0.208). Multivariate analysis based on a hierarchically well-formulated model strategy for males revealed that heavier workload (OR = 5.785, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.211, 27.635) and cumulative alcohol consumption (OR = 1.016, 95% CI: 1.005, 1.026) remained as the significantly associated risk factors for ION after adjusting the remaining confounders. The reason for the insignificant multivariate OR of ALDH2(1/1) may be due to the strong confounding of alcohol consumption on the association between ALDH2 genotype and ION. For females, the small sample size made it impossible to produce any meaningful univariate analysis.

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