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Biomedical subjects

Roald Bahr

Publications and source records attributed to Roald Bahr.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Estimating 3D joint kinematics from video sequences of running and cutting maneuvers--assessing the accuracy of simple visual inspection.

Videos of sports injuries can potentially provide valuable information on non-contact ACL injuries. However, only the un-validated simple visual inspection approach has, so far, been used. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to test the accuracy and precision of researchers in estimating kinematics from video sequences of situations that typically lead to ACL injuries. We also tested if accuracy and precision could be improved through a training program. Using a routine surface marker based infrared, 240 Hz, 3D motion analysis system, we recorded running and cutting trials from three test subjects. Six observers were asked to provide estimates of kinematic variables from 27 video composites from one, two or three ordinary cameras, systematically varying viewing angles and time point of analysis. The observers thereafter went through a training program where 35 similar composites were analyzed, and feedback on the kinematics, as measured by the 3D motion analysis system, was provided on a group basis. Finally, the test was repeated to assess accuracy and precision. The mean error for knee flexion was -19 degrees, indicating a consistent underestimation. Hip flexion was underestimated by 7 degrees, but the standard deviation between the observers was 18 degrees on average, indicating poor consistency. Substantial errors were also found in the accuracy and precision of the other estimates. Only small group effects were seen from our training program. Based on these findings, results from studies using a simple visual inspection approach to describe joint motion must be interpreted with caution.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in basketball: video analysis of 39 cases.

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in basketball are not well defined. PURPOSE: To describe the mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in basketball based on videos of injury situations. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Six international experts performed visual inspection analyses of 39 videos (17 male and 22 female players) of anterior cruciate ligament injury situations from high school, college, and professional basketball games. Two predefined time points were analyzed: initial ground contact and 50 milliseconds later. The analysts were asked to assess the playing situation, player behavior, and joint kinematics. RESULTS: There was contact at the assumed time of injury in 11 of the 39 cases (5 male and 6 female players). Four of these cases were direct blows to the knee, all in men. Eleven of the 22 female cases were collisions, or the player was pushed by an opponent before the time of injury. The estimated time of injury, based on the group median, ranged from 17 to 50 milliseconds after initial ground contact. The mean knee flexion angle was higher in female than in male players, both at initial contact (15 degrees vs 9 degrees , P = .034) and at 50 milliseconds later (27 degrees vs 19 degrees , P = .042). Valgus knee collapse occurred more frequently in female players than in male players (relative risk, 5.3; P = .002). CONCLUSION: Female players landed with significantly more knee and hip flexion and had a 5.3 times higher relative risk of sustaining a valgus collapse than did male players. Movement patterns were frequently perturbed by opponents. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Preventive programs to enhance knee control should focus on avoiding valgus motion and include distractions resembling those seen in match situations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Self-estimation of ability among skiers and snowboarders in alpine skiing resorts.

Skiing ability is thought to be an important risk factor for injuries, but the best method to classify skiing ability is not known. The objective of this study was to validate five different questions designed to self-report skiing ability for ski injury surveillance. To this end 512 alpine skiers, Telemark skiers, snowboarders and skiboarders were asked to selfestimate their skiing ability using five different questions based on skiing skill, piste difficulty, turning technique, skiing experience and falling frequency, each with four categories. The participants then made a test run to test their skiing ability. Observed and self-reported skiing ability were compared using kappa statistics. The correlation between observed and self-reported skiing ability was low to fair, with kappa values of 0.34 for skiing skill), 0.33 for piste difficulty, 0.38 for turning technique, 0.26 for experience and 0.16 for falling frequency. However, the sensitivity and specificity for each of the questionnaires in discriminating between individuals in the poorest skiing ability category on the test and the rest of the group was relatively good (skiing skill: sensitivity 75%, specificity 91%; piste difficulty 68, 96%; turning technique 75, 91%; experience 75, 90%; falling frequency 61, 97%). The results show that the capacity to self-assess skiing ability is limited, but estimation based upon turning technique or skiing skill seem to be best methods for epidemiological studies on injuries in snow sports.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Ultrasound-guided sclerosis of neovessels in painful chronic patellar tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Color Doppler ultrasound examination frequently reveals neovascularization in chronic painful Achilles and patellar tendinopathy. Sclerosing the area with vascular ingrowth using polidocanol has shown promising clinical results in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. PURPOSE: To investigate sclerosing treatment using polidocanol on a group of elite athletes with patellar tendinopathy. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial/cross-over study; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS: The authors recruited 33 patients (42 tendons), mainly from the Norwegian elite divisions in basketball, team handball, and volleyball. Seventeen patients (23 knees) were randomized to the treatment group (polidocanol injections in the area of neovascularization) and 16 patients (20 knees) to the control group (similar injections with lidocaine/epinephrine). After 4 months of treatment, the control group was crossed over to active treatment. Pain and function were recorded using the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment score before the start of treatment and 4, 8, and 12 months after the first injection. Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment scores between groups were compared using multivariate analysis of variance for repeated measures. RESULTS: The treatment group reported a significant improvement in Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment score from 51 to 62 after 4 months; there was no change for the control group (group by time interaction, P = .052). After 8 months, when the control group had also received active treatment with polidocanol, they had a greater improvement in Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment score (58-79) than did the treatment group (54-70; group by time interaction, P = .022; time effect, P < .0001). There was no further time or group effect in Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment score to the 12-month follow-up (treatment, 72; control, 85). CONCLUSION: Sclerosing injections with polidocanol resulted in a significant improvement in knee function and reduced pain in patients with patellar tendinopathy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Pronociceptive and antinociceptive neuromediators in patellar tendinopathy.

BACKGROUND: The occurrence of nerve ingrowth and its relation to chronic tendon pain (tendinopathy) are still largely unknown. In healthy tendons, the innervation is confined to the paratenon, whereas the tendon proper is devoid of nerve fibers. In this study on the pathogenesis of tendinopathy, the authors examined sensory and sympathetic nerve fiber occurrence in the patellar tendon. HYPOTHESIS: Nerve ingrowth and altered expression of sensory and sympathetic neuromediators play a major role in the pathophysiology of pain in patellar tendinopathy. STUDY DESIGN: Case control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Biopsies from the patellar tendon in patients with patellar tendinopathy (n = 10) were compared with biopsies from a control group (n = 10) without any previous or current knee symptoms compatible with patellar tendinopathy. The biopsies were stained immunohistochemically for sensory and autonomic nerve markers. The biopsies from the 2 groups were compared using subjective and semiquantitative methods. RESULTS: Chronic painful patellar tendons exhibited increased occurrence of sprouting nonvascular sensory, substance P-positive nerve fibers and a decreased occurrence of vascular sympathetic nerve fibers, positive to tyroxin hydroxylase, a marker for noradrenaline. CONCLUSION: The altered sensory-sympathetic innervation suggests a role in the pathophysiology of tendinopathy. Ingrowth of sprouting substance P fibers presumably reflects a nociceptive and maybe a proliferative role, possibly as reactions to repeated microtraumata, whereas the decreased occurrence of tyroxin hydroxylase may represent a reduced antinociceptive role. These findings could be used to develop targeted pharmacotherapy for the specific treatment of tendinopathy.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Natural history of bone bruises after acute knee injury: clinical outcome and histopathological findings.

The purpose of this paper is to review the scientific literature on the natural history of bone bruises and the experimental studies regarding the histopathological effects of impaction load on articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Bone bruises with subchondral or osteochondral injuries, or geographic bone bruises seemed to be persistent for years after trauma on MRI. Biopsy samples of the articular cartilage overlying the bone bruise lesions showed degeneration or necrosis of chondrocytes and loss of proteoglycan. Experimental studies using a single impact load revealed chondrocytes death, alteration of the mechanical properties of cartilage explants and/or an increase in the thickness of subchondral bone. These data are indicative of a significant injury to normal articular cartilage homeostasis, and support the suggestion that severe bone bruise is a precursor of early degenerative changes. We recommend delaying return to full weightbearing status when a severe bone bruise is detected to prevent further collapse of subchondral bone and further aggravation of articular cartilage injury.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

Helmet use and risk of head injuries in alpine skiers and snowboarders.

CONTEXT: Although using a helmet is assumed to reduce the risk of head injuries in alpine sports, this effect is questioned. In contrast to bicycling or inline skating, there is no policy of mandatory helmet use for recreational alpine skiers and snowboarders. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of wearing a helmet on the risk of head injury among skiers and snowboarders while correcting for other potential risk factors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Case-control study at 8 major Norwegian alpine resorts during the 2002 winter season, involving 3277 injured skiers and snowboarders reported by the ski patrol and 2992 noninjured controls who were interviewed on Wednesdays and Saturdays. The controls comprised every 10th person entering the bottom main ski lift at each resort during peak hours. The number of participants interviewed corresponded with each resort's anticipated injury count based on earlier years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Injury type, helmet use, and other risk factors (age, sex, nationality, skill level, equipment used, ski school attendance, rented or own equipment) were recorded. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between individual risk factors (including helmet wear) and risk of head injury by comparing skiers with head injuries with uninjured controls, as well as to skiers with injuries other than head injuries. RESULTS: Head injuries accounted for 578 injuries (17.6%). Using a helmet was associated with a 60% reduction in the risk for head injury (odds ratio [OR], 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30-0.55; adjusted for other risk factors) when comparing skiers with head injuries with uninjured controls. The effect was slightly reduced (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.34-0.59) when skiers with other injuries were used as controls. For the 147 potentially severe head injuries, those who were referred to an emergency physician or for hospital treatment, the adjusted OR was 0.43 (95% CI, 0.25-0.77). The risk for head injury was higher among snowboarders than for alpine skiers (adjusted OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.22-1.91). CONCLUSION: Wearing a helmet is associated with reduced risk of head injury among snowboarders and alpine skiers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection procedures in studies of football (soccer) injuries.

BACKGROUND: Variations in definitions and methodologies have created differences in the results and conclusions obtained from studies of football (soccer) injuries; this has made interstudy comparisons difficult. PROCEDURE: An Injury Consensus Group was established under the auspices of Fédération Internationale de Football Association Medical Assessment and Research Centre. Using a nominal group consensus model approach, a working document that identified the key issues related to definitions, methodology, and implementation was discussed by members of the group during a 2-day meeting. After this meeting, iterative draft statements were prepared and circulated to the members of the group for comment before the final consensus statement was produced. RESULTS: Definitions of injury, recurrent injury, severity, and training and match exposures in football, together with criteria for classifying injuries in terms of location, type, diagnosis, and causation are proposed. Proforma for recording players' baseline information, injuries, and training and match exposures are presented. Recommendations are made on how the incidence of match and training injuries should be reported and a checklist of issues and information that should be included in published reports of studies of football injuries is presented. CONCLUSIONS: The definitions and methodology proposed in the consensus statement will ensure that consistent and comparable results will be obtained from studies of football injuries.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2006

Understanding and preventing noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a review of the Hunt Valley II meeting, January 2005.

The incidence of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in young to middle-aged athletes remains high. Despite early diagnosis and appropriate operative and nonoperative treatments, posttraumatic degenerative arthritis may develop. In a meeting in Atlanta, Georgia (January 2005), sponsored by the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, a group of physicians, physical therapists, athletic trainers, biomechanists, epidemiologists, and other scientists interested in this area of research met to review current knowledge on risk factors associated with noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries, anterior cruciate ligament injury biomechanics, and existing anterior cruciate ligament prevention programs. This article reports on the presentations, discussions, and recommendations of this group.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament↗
PubMed2006

Surgical treatment compared with eccentric training for patellar tendinopathy (Jumper's Knee). A randomized, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Although the surgical treatment of patellar tendinopathy (jumper's knee) is a common procedure, there have been no randomized, controlled trials comparing this treatment with forms of nonoperative treatment. The purpose of the present study was to compare the outcome of open patellar tenotomy with that of eccentric strength training in patients with patellar tendinopathy. METHODS: Thirty-five patients (forty knees) who had been referred for the treatment of grade-IIIB patellar tendinopathy were randomized to surgical treatment (twenty knees) or eccentric strength training (twenty knees). The eccentric training group performed squats on a 25 degrees decline board as a home exercise program (with three sets of fifteen repetitions being performed twice daily) for a twelve-week intervention period. In the surgical treatment group, the abnormal tissue was removed by means of a wedge-shaped full-thickness excision, followed by a structured rehabilitation program with gradual progression to eccentric training. The primary outcome measure was the VISA (Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment) score (possible range, 0 to 100), which was calculated on the basis of answers to a symptom-based questionnaire that was developed specifically for patellar tendinopathy. The patients were evaluated after three, six, and twelve months of follow-up. RESULTS: There was no difference between the groups with regard to the VISA score during the twelve-month follow-up period, but both groups had improvement (p < 0.001). The mean combined VISA score for the two groups increased from 30 (95% confidence interval, 25 to 35) before the start of treatment to 49 (95% confidence interval, 42 to 55) at three months, 58 (95% confidence interval, 51 to 65) at six months, and 70 (95% confidence interval, 62 to 78) at twelve months. In the surgical treatment group, five knees had no symptoms, twelve had improvement but were still symptomatic, two were unchanged, and one was worse after twelve months (p = 0.49 compared with the eccentric training group). In the eccentric training group, five knees did not respond to treatment and underwent secondary surgery after three to six months. Of the remaining fifteen knees in the eccentric training group, seven had no symptoms and eight had improvement but were still symptomatic after twelve months. CONCLUSIONS: No advantage was demonstrated for surgical treatment compared with eccentric strength training. Eccentric training should be tried for twelve weeks before open tenotomy is considered for the treatment of patellar tendinopathy.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Promoting physical activity in a low-income multiethnic district: effects of a community intervention study to reduce risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: a community intervention reducing inactivity.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess the net effects on risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease of a community-based 3-year intervention to increase physical activity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A pseudo-experimental cohort design was used to compare changes in risk factors from an intervention and a control district with similar socioeconomic status in Oslo, Norway, using a baseline investigation of 2,950 30- to 67-year-old participants and a follow-up investigation of 1,776 (67% of those eligible, 56% women, 18% non-Western immigrants) participants. A set of theory-based activities to promote physical activity were implemented and tailored toward groups with different psychosocial readiness for change. All results reported are net changes (the difference between changes in the intervention and control districts). At both surveys, the nonfasting serum levels of lipids and glucose were adjusted for time since last meal. RESULTS: The increase in physical activity measured by two self-reported questionnaires was 9.5% (P = 0.008) and 8.1% (P = 0.02), respectively. The proportion who increased their body mass was 14.2% lower in the intervention district (P < 0.001), implying a 50% relative reduction compared with the control district, and was lower across subgroups. Beneficial effects were seen for triglyceride levels (0.16 mmol/l [95% CI 0.06-0.25], P = 0.002), cholesterol-to-HDL cholesterol ratio (0.12 [0.03-0.20], P = 0.007), systolic blood pressure (3.6 mmHg [2.2-4.8], P < 0.001), and for men also in glucose levels (0.35 mmol/l [0.03-0.67], P = 0.03). The net proportion who were quitting smoking was 2.9% (0.1-5.7, P = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: Through a theory-driven, low-cost, population-based intervention program, we observed an increase in physical activity levels, reduced weight gain, and beneficial changes in other risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of jumper's knee among elite athletes from different sports: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of jumper's knee across different sports has not been examined, and it is not known if there is a gender difference. Data from surgical case series indicate that there may be a high prevalence in sports with high speed and power demands. HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of jumper's knee in different sports among female and male athletes and to correlate the prevalence to the loading characteristics of the extensor mechanism in these sports. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: The authors examined approximately 50 Norwegian male and female athletes at the national elite level from each of the following 9 sports: athletics (male athletes: high jump, 100- and 200-m sprint), basketball (male athletes), ice hockey (male athletes), volleyball (male athletes), orienteering (male athletes), road cycling (male athletes), soccer (male and female athletes), team handball (male and female athletes), and wrestling (male athletes). The examination included an interview on individual characteristics (weight, age, height, and training background), a clinical examination, and self-recorded Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment score from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). RESULTS: The overall prevalence of current jumper's knee was 14.2% (87 of 613 athletes), with a significant difference between sports with different performance characteristics (range, 0%-45%). In addition, 51 athletes (8%) reported previous symptoms. The prevalence of current symptoms was highest in volleyball (44.6%+/-6.6%) and basketball (31.9%+/-6.8%), whereas there were no cases in cycling or orienteering. The prevalence of current jumper's knee was lower among women (5.6%+/-2.2%) compared with men (13.5%+/-3.0%; chi2 test, P=.042). The duration of symptoms among athletes with current jumper's knee (n=87) was 32+/-25 (standard deviation) months, with a Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment score of 64+/-19. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of jumper's knee is high in sports characterized by high demands on speed and power for the leg extensors. The symptoms are often serious, resulting in long-standing impairment of athletic performance.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2005

Exercises to prevent lower limb injuries in youth sports: cluster randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of a structured warm-up programme designed to reduce the incidence of knee and ankle injuries in young people participating in sports. DESIGN: Cluster randomised controlled trial with clubs as the unit of randomisation. SETTING: 120 team handball clubs from central and eastern Norway (61 clubs in the intervention group, 59 in the control group) followed for one league season (eight months). PARTICIPANTS: 1837 players aged 15-17 years; 958 players (808 female and 150 male) in the intervention group; 879 players (778 female and 101 male) in the control group. INTERVENTION: A structured warm-up programme to improve running, cutting, and landing technique as well as neuromuscular control, balance, and strength. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The rate of acute injuries to the knee or ankle. RESULTS: During the season, 129 acute knee or ankle injuries occurred, 81 injuries in the control group (0.9 (SE 0.09) injuries per 1000 player hours; 0.3 (SE 0.17) in training v 5.3 (SE 0.06) during matches) and 48 injuries in the intervention group (0.5 (SE 0.11) injuries per 1000 player hours; 0.2 (SE 0.18) in training v 2.5 (SE 0.06) during matches). Fewer injured players were in the intervention group than in the control group (46 (4.8%) v (76 (8.6%); relative risk intervention group v control group 0.53, 95% confidence interval 0.35 to 0.81). CONCLUSION: A structured programme of warm-up exercises can prevent knee and ankle injuries in young people playing sports. Preventive training should therefore be introduced as an integral part of youth sports programmes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A model-based image-matching technique for three-dimensional reconstruction of human motion from uncalibrated video sequences.

In many situations, e.g. sports injuries, three-dimensional kinematics cannot be obtained with traditional lab methods. However, if methods for reconstructing motion patterns from video sequences were available, our understanding of injury mechanisms could be improved. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of a new model-based image-matching technique for human motion reconstruction from one or more uncalibrated video sequences, using traditional motion analysis as a gold standard. A laboratory trial was conducted with one test subject performing jogging and side step cutting, while being filmed with three ordinary video cameras. This provided three single camera matchings, three double camera matchings and one triple camera matching for each of the motions. The test subject wore 33 reflective skin markers and was filmed with a seven-camera, 240 Hz motion analysis system. Root mean square (RMS) hip and knee flexion/extension angle differences were less than 12 degrees for all the matchings. Estimates for ad-/abduction (<15 degrees) and internal/external rotation (<16 degrees) were less precise. RMS velocity differences up to 0.62 m/s were found for the single camera matchings, but for the triple camera matching the RMS differences were less than 0.13 m/s for each direction. In conclusion, a new model-based image-matching technique has been developed, that can be used to estimate temporal joint angle histories, velocities and accelerations from uncalibrated video recordings. The kinematic estimates, in particular for center of mass velocity and acceleration, are clearly better when two or more camera views are available. This method can potentially be used to arrive at more precise descriptions of the mechanisms of sports injuries than what has been possible without elaborate methods for three-dimensional reconstruction from uncalibrated video sequences, e.g. for knee injuries.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2005

No effect of eccentric training on jumper's knee in volleyball players during the competitive season: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The effect of surgery on patellar tendinopathy (jumper's knee) is questionable, and conservative treatment protocols have not been properly documented. PURPOSE: : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a newly developed eccentric training program for patellar tendinopathy in volleyball players during the competitive season. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. METHODS: Patients were recruited from male and female elite volleyball teams in Norway, and the diagnosis was based on clinical examination alone. Of 51 players diagnosed with patellar tendinopathy, 29 could be included in the study. The training group (n = 13) performed squats on a 25 degrees decline board as a home exercise program (3 x 15 repetitions twice daily) for a 12-week intervention period during the final half of the competitive season. The eccentric (downward) component was done on the affected leg. The control group (n = 16) trained as usual. The primary outcome was a symptom-based questionnaire developed specifically for patellar tendinopathy (Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment score), and patients were followed up before and after the intervention period, as well as after 6 and 30 weeks. All subjects self-recorded training to document their activity level (eccentric training, volleyball training, matches, other training). RESULTS: There was no change in Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment score during the intervention period in the training (pre, 71.1 +/- 11.3; post, 70.2 +/- 15.4) or control group (pre, 76.4 +/- 12.1; post, 75.4 +/- 16.7), nor was there any change during the follow-up period at 6 weeks or 6 months. The training group completed 8.2 +/- 4.6 weekly sessions of eccentric training during the intervention period (59% of the recommended volume), and there was no difference between groups in training or competition load. CONCLUSION: There was no effect on knee function from a 12-week program with eccentric training among a group of volleyball players with patellar tendinopathy who continued to train and compete during the treatment period. Whether the training would be effective if the patients did not participate in sports activity is not known.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

No effect of a video-based awareness program on the rate of soccer injuries.

BACKGROUND: The injury rate in soccer is high, and effective injury prevention methods are needed. PURPOSE: To test the effect of a video-based awareness program on the incidence of acute injuries in soccer. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized control trial; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS: Participants were elite male soccer players from the top 2 divisions in Iceland. Fifteen of 20 teams completed the study: 7 intervention teams (127 players) and 8 control teams (144 players) chosen by random. Just before the start of the 2000 soccer season, the intervention teams were visited with an intervention program. The program included a 15-minute presentation with information on the injury risk of playing elite soccer, typical injuries, and their mechanisms. Then the players worked together in pairs and analyzed video sequences to develop preventive strategies. The 12 video sequences were selected from the previous Icelandic soccer season, representing 3 typical injury mechanisms that accounted for more than half of all incidents recorded. During the season, team physical therapists prospectively recorded all acute injuries, and coaches recorded training exposure on a special form. Injury incidence was compared between groups and between the 1999 and 2000 seasons for teams that participated in both seasons. RESULTS: No difference was observed in injury incidence between the intervention (6.6 +/- 0.7 injuries per 1000 player hours) and control groups (6.6 +/- 0.7 injuries per 1000 player hours). Furthermore, there was no difference in injury location or type. CONCLUSION: The video-based injury awareness program showed no effect on injury rate.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Injuries among competitive snowboarders at the national elite level.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about injury risk or the pattern of injuries among competitive snowboarders. PURPOSE: To describe the incidence and pattern of injuries among female and male snowboard athletes at the highest national level. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: This study consists of 2 parts: prospective registration of injuries at snowboarding national cup events and the national championships during the 2002 season, as well as a retrospective interview of the participants during the national championships in March 2002. All injuries that resulted in missed participation were recorded. Exposure was recorded as the number of runs in all disciplines. RESULTS: In the prospective study, the competition incidence was 4.0 +/- 0.7 injuries per 1000 runs (n = 32 injuries). Back (22%), knee (16%), and hand/wrist injuries (9%) were the most common. The incidence for the different disciplines was 14.2 +/- 5.3 per 1000 runs for big jump, 6.1 +/- 1.8 for snowboardcross, 3.1 +/- 0.9 for halfpipe, and 1.9 +/- 1.9 for giant slalom. The retrospective interview (n = 163 athletes, 83% response) revealed 84 acute time-loss injuries during the season; knee (16%), back (13%), head (13%), and hand/wrist injuries (12%) were the 4 most common injury types. The overall competition incidence was 3.4 +/- 0.6 injuries per 1000 runs (6.6 +/- 3.0 for big jump, 5.8 +/- 1.7 for snowboardcross, 2.1 +/- 0.7 for halfpipe, and 6.6 +/- 4.7 for giant slalom). No injury was recorded in parallel slalom in either study. CONCLUSION: The incidence of injuries is high among competitive snowboarders at the elite national level. The injury pattern is different from the panorama seen among less experienced athletes, with fewer wrist injuries and more knee injuries.

Adolescent↗