Synthesis and steric stabilization of silver nanoparticles in neat carbon dioxide solvent using fluorine-free compounds.
The adjustable solvent properties, vanishingly low surface tensions, and environmentally green characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide present certain advantages in nanoparticles synthesis and processing. Unfortunately, most current techniques employed to synthesize and disperse nanoparticles in carbon dioxide use environmentally persistent fluorinated compounds as metal precursors and/or stabilizing ligands. This paper illustrates a one-step process for synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles in carbon dioxide using only fluorine-free compounds. Isostearic acid coated silver nanoaparticles were formed and stably dispersed through arrested precipitation. Silver bis(3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexyl)sulfosuccinate (Ag-AOT-TMH) was reduced in the presence of isostearic acid as a capping ligand in carbon dioxide solvent to form silver nanoparticles. The addition of cyclohexane as cosolvent or an increase in carbon dioxide solvent density enhances the dispersibility of the particles due to an increase in solvent strength. The dispersibility of the isostearic acid capped silver nanoparticles diminished with time until a stable dispersion was achieved due to the precipitation of a fraction of particle sizes too large to be stabilized by the solvent medium, thereby leaving a smaller size fraction of nanoparticles stably dispersed in the CO2 mixtures. This paper presents the one-step synthesis and stabilization of metallic nanoparticles in neat carbon dioxide without the aid of any fluorinated compounds.