Fragment-based lead discovery.
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Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
Biomedical subjects
Robin Carr
Publications and source records attributed to Robin Carr.
A 'rule of three' for fragment-based lead discovery?
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Administration, Oral↗
Oxidation state of the active-site cysteine in protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B.
Protein tyrosine phosphatases regulate signal transduction pathways involving tyrosine phosphorylation and have been implicated in the development of cancer, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and hypertension. Increasing evidence suggests that the cellular redox state is involved in regulating tyrosine phosphatase activity through the reversible oxidization of the catalytic cysteine to sulphenic acid (Cys-SOH). But how further oxidation to the irreversible sulphinic (Cys-SO2H) and sulphonic (Cys-SO3H) forms is prevented remains unclear. Here we report the crystal structures of the regulatory sulphenic and irreversible sulphinic and sulphonic acids of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), an important enzyme in the negative regulation of the insulin receptor and a therapeutic target in type II diabetes and obesity. We also identify a sulphenyl-amide species that is formed through oxidation of its catalytic cysteine. Formation of the sulphenyl-amide causes large changes in the PTP1B active site, which are reversible by reduction with the cellular reducing agent glutathione. The sulphenyl-amide is a protective intermediate in the oxidative inhibition of PTP1B. In addition, it may facilitate reactivation of PTP1B by biological thiols and signal a unique state of the protein.
Amides↗
Structure-based screening of low-affinity compounds.
Conventional bioassay-based screening remains a mainstream approach for lead discovery. However, its limitations have meant that other, more biophysical methods, such as X-ray crystallography and NMR, are now being developed as lead discovery tools. These methods are particularly effective at detecting the binding of low affinity, low molecular weight compounds and transforming them into novel potent leads using structure-guided chemistry. Here, we describe some of the technologies and approaches that are being developed in structure-based screening using X-ray crystallography, which promise to have a major impact on lead discovery.
Crystallography, X-Ray↗