Biomedical subjects

Rong Lu

Publications and source records attributed to Rong Lu.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed2003

Reciprocal action between BMP-2 and BMP-3 in cultured fibroblast in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: To explore reciprocal action between BMP-2 (bone morphogenetic protein-2) and BMP-3 for better understanding of the mechanism of BMP during bone fracture union. METHODS: rhBMP-2 was added into the cultured fibroblasts with the concentration of 1,200 ng/ml. The expression of BMP-3 in fibroblasts was detected by immunohistochemistry. Eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3-BMP-3 was transfected into the fibroblasts. After the effective expression of BMP-3 was identified, BMP-2 was also detected by immunohistochemistry in BMP-3 expression cells. The fibroblasts transfected with empty vector pcDNA3 were used as the control. RESULTS: Exogenous rhBMP-2 could promote the expression of BMP-3 in fibroblasts. BMP-3 also could be detected in these cells. CONCLUSIONS: BMP-2 and BMP-3 could reciprocally adjust the expression in fibroblasts.

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2↗

PubMed2003

Repair of radius defect with bone-morphogenetic-protein loaded hydroxyapatite/collagen-poly(L-lactic acid) composite.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the method to repair bone defect with bone-morphogenetic-protein loaded hydroxyapatite/collagen-poly(L-lactic acid) composite. METHODS: 18 adult beagle dogs were randomly divided into 3 groups. In Group A, bone-morphogenetic-protein (BMP) loaded hydroxyapatite/collagen-poly(L-lactic acid) (HAC-PLA) scaffold was implanted in a 2 cm diaphyseal defect in the radius. In Group B, unloaded pure HAC-PLA scaffold was implanted in the defects. No material was implanted in Group C (control group). The dogs were sacrificed 6 months postoperatively. Features of biocompatibility, biodegradability and osteoinduction were evaluated with histological, radiological examinations and bone mineral density (BMD) measurements. RESULTS: In Group A, the radius defect healed after the treatment with BMP loaded HAC-PLA. BMD at the site of the defect was higher than that of the contralateral radius. Fibrous union developed in the animals of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: BMP not only promotes osteogenesis but also accelerates degradation of the biomaterials. Optimized design parameters of a three-dimensional porous biomaterial would give full scope to the role of BMP as an osteoinductive growth factor.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Expression of adenovirus-mediated neurotrophin-3 gene in Schwann cells of sciatic nerve in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) gene in Schwann cells of rat sciatic nerve introduced by an adenovirus vector in vivo. METHODS: A recombinant adenovirus vector for NT-3 (Ad-NT-3) was propagated in 293 packaging cells and titered with tissue culture infectious dose(50) (TCID(50)). Ad-NT-3 was injected directly into the rat sciatic nerve after transection and immediate repair. Immunohistochemical staining was employed to determine the expression of NT-3 in Schwann cells in rat sciatic nerve and the expressive intensity of the tissue slices of the sciatic nerve was measured with LEICA M550 image analysis system. RESULTS: On the 2nd day after injection of Ad-NT-3, positive stain in the Schwann cells was apparent in the vicinity of anastomosis. NT-3 expression increased significantly on the 7th day (P<0.01) and then decreased 14-28 days after injection (P<0.01). There was no significant difference of NT-3 expression between the 14th and 28th day groups (P<0.05). Compared with the 2nd day group, the 14th and 28th day groups still maintained a relatively high level of NT-3 (P<0.01). Intact and repaired nerves, which were injected with adenovirus encoding LacZ genes (Ad-LacZ) or physiological saline served as controls, showed no NT-3-positive Schwann cells. CONCLUSIONS: An adenovirus vector can be used to induce efficiently the expression of NT-3 gene in Schwann cells of rat peripheral nerves following nerve injury and repair, which suggests that neurotrophic factors can be introduced into Schwann cells with an adenovirus vector to promote peripheral nerve regeneration.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2003

Anti-infective reconstituted bone xenograft used for primary bone grafting to repair contaminated defect in the radius in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of anti-infective reconstituted bone xenograft as a primary graft to repair a segmental with severe contamination. METHODS: A canine model of contaminated defect of 1.5 cm in size in the radius was used, in which anti-infective reconstituted bone xenograft or reconstituted bone xenograft was implanted as a primary graft followed by internal fixation. The effectiveness of the two grafting materials in repairing a contaminated segmental defect was compared. RESULTS: The animals which had received implant of anti-infective reconstituted bone xenograft should largely healed defects 6 months after operation while the defects implanted with reconstituted bone xenograft remained unrepaired with bone infection. CONCLUSIONS: Besides its strong osteoinductive and osteoconductive activity, anti-infective reconstituted bone xenograft is highly antibacterial and can be used as a primary graft to repair the severely contaminated segmental defect.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

[Distributions of COD and petroleum hydrocarbons and their relationships with occurrence of red tide in East China Sea].

Based on the data of COD and petroleum hydrocarbons collected in the cruise from April 25 to May 2, 2002 in intensive red tide occurrence areas in East China Sea, the distribution of COD, and petroleum hydrocarbons and the eutrophication index(EI) were analyzed. The results showed that the EI and COD value were both high in coastal water, and decreased gradually away from shore. After the preliminary study on the relationships between correlative factors and occurrence of red tide, it was found that high EI and COD were necessary. There would be great chances for the red tide to break out under conditions that the EI was between 2.5 and 15 and COD concentration was between 0.8 to 1.4 mg.L-1 in seawater, along with the favorable temperature and salinity.

China↗

PubMed2003

[Nutrient distribution and its relationship with occurrence of red tide in coastal area of East China Sea].

Nutrient (NO3(-)-N, PO4(3-)-P, Sio3(2-)-Si, NH4(+)-N, etc.) concentrations in coastal area of East China Sea were measured during April 25 to May 2, 2002, and the relationship between the spatial distribution of the nutrients and the red tide occurrence in the studied area was analyzed. The results showed that compared to the 1st class seawater quality of the national standard, the concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and PO4(-)-P were 46% and 60% higher, respectively, showing that the studied area, especially the Changjiang River estuary and the Hangzhou Bay, was at a disadvantage of eutrophication. Furthermore, the nutrient concentrations inshore were much higher than those offshore, and the isolines nearly paralleled with the coastline, meaning that the nutrient distributions were mainly influenced by terrestrial discharges. It also showed that the relatively high concentrations of nutrients, especially DIN and PO4(3-)-P, might result in the red-tide occurrence. However, the red tide did not occur in the area with the highest concentrations of the nutrients, further demonstrating that the eutrophication was not the unique environmental factor inducing red-tide occurrence.

China↗

PubMed2002

[Histopathology of congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the histopathology, origin, and etiology of congenital pseudarthrosis (CPT). METHODS: Specimens of periosteum from 28 CPT cases, 20 cases of traumatic pseudarthrosis (TP), 10 cases of fibromatosis, and 10 normal controls were examined. The pathological changes were observed by electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. The expression of alpha-smooth muscle (SM) actin, vimentin, desmin, bone morphogenic protein (BMP), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and base fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) were detected by histochemistry and immunofluorescence chemical staining. Chromosomal karyotype was examined among 11 cases of CPT. RESULTS: (1) Electron microscopy showed that the periosteum and soft tissue between the broken ends in CPT were all dense fibrous connective tissue abundant in cells, including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, etc. (2) The chief collagen element was type I collagen in normal periosteum and was type III collagen in periosteum of patients with CPT and fibromatosis (P < 0.025). (3) Vimentin was positive and desmin was negative in all specimens. The expression of alpha-SM actin was higher in specimens from CPT and fibromatosis than in specimens from normal control and TP (P < 0.01). The expression of BMP was higher in normal periosteum and TP than in the periosteum of CPT and fibromatosis (P < 0.05). The expression of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, b-FGF was higher in the periosteum of CPT and TP (P < 0.01). (4) The chromosomal karyotype of all CPT patients was normal 46XY or 46XX. CONCLUSION: (1) Neurofibromatosis is probably not the etiological factor of CPT. (2) CPT is a kind of invasive fibromatosis located in periosteum. (3) Abnormal expression of many kinds of cytokine and high expression of type III collagen play an important role in the pathogenesis of CPT. (4) The main pathology of CPT is hyperplasia of fibroblasts, thus causing thickening of periosteum, contractible circinate coarctation, and compression of tibia and surrounding tissues. (5) The chromosomal karyotype of patients with CPT is normal.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Involvement of alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide in monophosphoryl lipid A-induced delayed preconditioning in rat hearts.

Recent study has shown that monophosphoryl lipid A-induced delayed preconditioning enhanced preservation with cardioplegia and that the protective effects of monophosphoryl lipid A were related to stimulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release. The purpose of the present study was to explore whether the elevated release of CGRP induced by monophosphoryl lipid A is secondary to stimulation of CGRP synthesis via the nitric oxide (NO) pathway and to characterize the isoform of CGRP. Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with monophosphoryl lipid A 24 h before the experiment, and then the left main coronary artery of rat hearts was subjected to 1 h occlusion followed by 3 h reperfusion. Infarct size, plasma creatine kinase activity, the plasma level of CGRP, and the expression of CGRP isoforms (alpha- and beta-CGRP) mRNA in lumbar dorsal root ganglia were measured. Pretreatment with monophosphoryl lipid A (500 microg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced infarct size and creatine kinase release. Monophosphoryl lipid A caused a significant increase in the expression of alpha-CGRP mRNA, but not of beta-CGRP mRNA, concomitantly with an increase in plasma concentrations of CGRP, and the increased level of CGRP expression happened before stimulation of CGRP release. The effect of monophosphoryl lipid A was completely abolished by pretreatment with L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of NO synthase or capsaicin (50 mg/kg, s.c.), which selectively depletes transmitters in capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves. The results suggest that the delayed cardioprotection afforded by monophosphoryl lipid A involves the synthesis and release of CGRP via the NO pathway, and that the protection is mainly mediated by the alpha-CGRP isoform.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

The heme oxygenase-1 pathway is involved in calcitonin gene-related peptide-mediated delayed cardioprotection induced by monophosphoryl lipid A in rats.

In order to explore whether monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA)-induced delayed cadioprotection is mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and the regulatory effect of inducible heme oxygenase isorform (HO-1)/carbon monoxide (CO) on CGRP synthesis and release, the expression of CGRP and HO-1 in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and CGRP concentration in plasma were determined in rats. Pretreatment with MLA (500 microg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced infarct size and creatine kinase release after the 45-min coronary artery occlusion and 180-min reperfusion. MLA caused a significant increase in the expression of CGRP and HO-1 and plasma concentrations of CGRP. The cardioprotection as well as the synthesis and release of CGRP induced by MLA were completely abolished by pretreatment with zinc protoporphrin IX (ZnPP-9), an inhibitor of HO-1, or by capsaicin (50 mg/kg, s.c.), which selectively depletes transmitters in capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves. Pretreatment with Znpp-9 had no effect on HO-1 expression, but capsaicin abrogated the expression of HO-1 induced by MLA in DRG. These results suggest that the delayed cardioprotection afforded by MLA is mediated by CGRP via activation of the HO-1 pathway.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2002

Heme oxygenase-1 pathway is involved in delayed protection induced by heat stress against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Previous studies have shown that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a heat stress protein (HSP32), has a beneficial effect on the ischemic myocardium. The purpose of the present study was to explore whether HO-1 is involved in delayed cardioprotection provided by heat stress in vivo. Sprague--Dawley rats were pretreated with whole body hyperthermia (rectal 42 degrees C) for 15 min followed by ischemia-reperfusion 24 h later. Ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced by 45 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by a 3-h reperfusion. Myocardial injury degree was evaluated by measurement of infarct size and serum creatine kinase (CK) activity. The expression of HO-1 mRNA and protein in myocardial tissues were measured. Pretreatment with hyperthemia significantly reduced infarct size and CK release during reperfusion, which was completely blocked by pretreatment with ZnPP-9, an inhibitor of HO and methylene blue, an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase. Heat stress also significantly increased the expression of HO-1 mRNA and protein, and the effect was not affected by pretreatment with methylene blue. The present results suggest that the HO-1 pathway is involved in the mediation of delayed cardioprotection by heat stress in rats.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Involvement of alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide in heat stress-induced delayed preconditioning in rat hearts.

1. Previous studies have shown that hyperthermia is capable of activating capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves and stimulating the release of neurotransmitters from their peripheral terminals. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has recently been found to participate in delayed cardioprotection in rat isolated hearts. 2. The purpose of the present study was to explore whether the delayed cardioprotection by heat stress in vivo involves the expression and release of CGRP. 3. Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with whole-body hyperthermia (rectal 42 degrees C) for 15 min, 24 h before the experiments and then the left main coronary artery of rat hearts was subjected to a 45 min occlusion followed by 3 h reperfusion. The degree of myocardial injury was evaluated by measurement of infarct size and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity. The plasma levels of CGRP and expression of CGRP (alpha and beta isoforms) mRNA in lumbar dorsal root ganglia at 4, 8, 16 or 24 h after heat stress treatment were measured. 4. Pretreatment with hyperthermia significantly reduced infarct size and CK release. Heat stress also significantly increased plasma concentrations of CGRP and the expression of alpha-CGRP mRNA, but not beta-CGRP mRNA. The effect of heat stress was completely abolished by pretreatment with capsaicin (50 mg/kg, s.c.), which selectively depletes transmitters in capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves. 5. In summary, the results suggest that the delayed cardioprotection by heat stress involves the synthesis and release of CGRP and that the protection is mainly mediated by the alpha-CGRP isoform.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Effect of antisense human telomerase RNA on malignant phenotypes of gastric carcinoma.

AIM: The study was designed to explore the effects of antisense human telomerase RNA (ahTR) on the malignant phenotype of gastric carcinoma cell line SGC-7901, and its potential role in gene therapy for tumors. METHODS: An ahTR eukaryotic expression vector, including the sequence of template region of telomere repeats, was constructed by recombinant technology of molecules and then transfected into gastric carcinoma cell line SGC-7901 by liposome DOTAP. Subsequently, the expression of hTR RNA and ahTR RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, telomerase activity by telomeric repeat amplification protocol-ELISA (TRAP-ELISA), telomere length by Southern blotting, cell morphology under light microscope, cellular proliferation capacity by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2 thiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay, cell-cycle distribution by flow cytometry, efficiency of clone formation in soft agar, and tumorigenecity in nude mice were examined and evaluated in ahTR-transfected cells, control plasmid pCI-neo transfected cells and their parental cells. RESULTS: An ahTR eukaryotic expression vector was constructed and successfully transfected into SGC-7901 cells. The telomerase activity in ahTR-transfected SGC-7901 cells decreased from 100% to approximately 25%, and telomere length in the cells shortened to 3.35 from 4.08 Kb at 60 population doublings. Compared with the parental cells and pCI-neo transfected cells, ahTR-transfected cells displayed some morphological changes, such as decreased atypia, and recovery of contact inhibition and density inhibition under light microscope. Furthermore, ahTR-transfected cells displayed decreased invasive capacity in Borden's chamber invasive model, increased G0/G1 phase rate and apoptotic rate. Surprisingly, ahTR-transfected SGC-7901 cells lost their capacity for clone formation in soft agar and tumorigencity in nude mice. CONCLUSION: Antisense-hTR transfection can inhibit the growth of SGC-7901 cells and partially reverse the malignant phenotypes. This study provides an exciting approach for cancer therapy by inhibiting telomerase activity using an antisense gene.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[Preparation of rhBMP-2/BCB reconstituted bone xenograft and assay of its osteoinductivity].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a new grafting material of bone xenograft with strong bone inductive and conductive capacity. METHODS: Based on successful clinical application of the reconstituted bone xenograft (RBX), a new xenograft was made by combining recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) with antigen-free bovine cancellous bone (BCB). Sixty male BALB/C mice aged 4 weeks were divided into study group of 30 and control group of 30 randomly. rhBMP-2/BCB was implanted in the left thigh muscle pouch in the study group and BCB in the control group. The mice were sacrificed at 7 d, 14 d and 21 d after implantation. Inductivity of rhBMP-2/BCB was detected by histological observation and biochemical determination of the samples. RESULTS: Histological examination showed that rhBMP-2/BCB induced chondrogenesis on the 7th day, with woven bone formed on the 14th day, and lamellar bone and marrow on the 21st day, while BCB failed to induce chondrogenesis or osteogenesis on the 7th, 14th and 21st days. The alkaline phosphatase activities and calcium content in study group were higher than those in control group with significant difference (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: rhBMP-2/BCB is an ideal grafting material with strong bone inductive and conductive capacity without evoking immune reaction.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[Reversing malignant phenotypes of liver cancer cell lines with antisense gene to human telomerase reverse transcriptase].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of antisense gene to human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTRT) on reversing malignant phenotypes of liver cancer cell lines. METHODS: Sense and antisense eukaryotic expressing vector of hTRT gene was transfected into human liver cancer line HepG(2) with the DOTAP liposomal transfection method. Changes of cellular malignant phenotypes through proliferation capacity, telomerase activity, cloning formation in soft agar, invasive capacity in Borden's chamber model and tumorigenicity in nude mice were examined. RESULTS: Sense and antisense eukaryotic expressing vector was successfully transfected into HepG(2). The obtained transfectants termed HepG(2)-sense (HepG(2)-S) and HepG(2)-antisense (HepG(2)-AS) stably produced sense and antisense hTRT, respectively. HepG(2)-AS showed an obvious decrease in growth and telomerase activity. HepG(2)-AS penetrated cells through Matrigel were decreased significantly compared with HepG(2) and HepG(2)-S. Cloning efficiency in soft agar and tumorigenicity in nude mice was also markedly inhibited in HepG(2)-AS. CONCLUSIONS: Antisense gene to hTRT can significantly suppress cancer cell growth, partially reverse malignant phenotypes of HepG(2), which indicates that hTRT may be a new target gene for antisense gene therapy of liver cancer.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Effect of age on bone mineral density and the serum concentration of endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in rats.

Results of previous studies have indicated that bone mineral density (BMD) is decreased in aged animals and elderly humans, and that treatment with nitric oxide (NO) donors prevents bone loss. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, can inhibit NO synthesis. In the study reported here, we examined age-related changes in the serum content of ADMA and in BMD in various skeletal regions. The BMD in the lumbar part of the spine, the femur, and the tibia in 12-month-old rats was markedly increased, compared with that in 6-month-old rats, and the BMD in 20-month-old rats was decreased, compared with that in 12-month-old rats. Serum concentration of ADMA in 20-month-old rats was significantly increased, compared with that in 6- or 12-month-old rats. A similar age-related change in the concentration of lipid peroxide also was seen in the three age groups. These results suggest that the increased amount of endogenous ADMA may be associated with an age-related decrease in BMD in rats.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2002

Graft survival assessment of MN genotype after allogeneic transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells of umbilical cord blood.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a simple and practical method to assess the outcome of allogeneic transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells from umbilical cord blood. METHODS: The DNA was extracted from the samples collected from the donor and the receptor separately before and 15 and 300 d after transplantation. MN genotype was determined by PCR with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) with the 2 pairs of specific primers designed and synthesized on the basis of reported MN gene sequence. RESULTS: The donor was identified as having NN genotype while the recipient shown to be MM genotype. MN genotype was detected in the recipient (mixed chimerism) at 15 d after transplantation. The genotype reversed to NN (donor origin) at 300 d after transplantation. The NN gene, as the donor's marker and evidence for the graft survival analysis, was eventually identified in the recipient. CONCLUSIONS: With MN genotype test to confirm the graft survival, early engraftment monitor of allogeneic umbilical cord blood transplantation is ensured, with the advantages of better sensitivity and requiring small amount of sample (0.2 ml). It may also facilitate subsequent therapeutic decisions.

Child↗

PubMed2002

[Preventive effect of anti-infective reconstituted bone xenograft on osteomyelitis in proximal tibia of the rabbit].

OBJECTIVE: To assess possible beneficial effect in prevention of osteomyelitis by anti-infective reconstituted bone xenograft (ARBX) in the rabbit. METHODS: A proximal tibia osteomyelitis rabbit model was used in which staphylococcus aureus was injected through a bony window, followed by immediate implantation of three ARBX pellets containing 30 mg of slowly-delivered gentamicin in group A, three pellets of RBX in conjunction with intramuscular gentamicin (30 mg) for 5 days in group B, three pellets of RBX without antibiotic in group C. Specimens were harvested 8 weeks postoperatively for gross observation, radiological, histological and bacteriological evaluation, comparing the three groups with regard to the beneficial effect of the above procedures in preventing osteomyelitis. RESULTS: (1) Bacteria counting, modified Norden scoring, and gross and microscopic evidence for osteomyelitis in group B were less than those in group C (P < 0.01). (2) In group A, bacteria culture and counting yielded 0 values at 8 weeks, while radiologically modified Norden scoring for osteomyelitis gave by far the smallest values among all three groups (P < 0.01) with no evidence of osteomyelitis found in gross and histological examinations. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Conventional systemic administration of antibiotics are reasonably effective in prevention of infection, but the anti-infective effect usually is not strong enough to prevent osteomyelitis when used along with primary bone grafting. (2) Apart from its osteoconductive and osteoinductive effects, ARBX is capable of slowly delivering antibiotics, thus being highly anti-infective when administered locally, so it could be used for primary grafting to repair a contaminated bone defect for effective prevention of osteomyelitis.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[Treatment of external RF hyperthermia combining with alpha 1-adrenergic receptor blocker for patients with prostatodynia and chronic non-bacterial prostatitis].

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a new effective treatment for prostatodynia (PD) and chronic non-bacterial prostatitis (CNP). METHODS: One hundred and thirty-six patients suffered from PD or CNP were divided randomly into experiment group (n = 76), which were treated with external RF hyperthermia (ERFH) combining with alpha 1-adrenergic receptor blocker Terazosin for 12 weeks, and control group (n = 60), which were only treated with ERFH. Symptoms scores, urodynamic indexes and expressed prostate secretion were recorded pre- and post-treatments. RESULTS: MFR and AFR were significantly improved and symptoms scores significantly decreased in both groups (P < 0.05). The efficacy was better in experiment group than that in control group. The combination treatment also led to a significantly decrease in MUP and MUCP (P < 0.05). Additionally, the leucocytes in expressed prostate secretion were also reduced in experiment group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of ERFH combining with alpha 1-adrenergic receptor blocker for patients with PD or CNP was effective and had little side-effect, while the future curative effect should be observed furtherly.

Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists↗