PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

S A Brew

Publications and source records attributed to S A Brew.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Type I collagen contains at least 14 cryptic fibronectin binding sites of similar affinity.

There is uncertainty in the literature regarding the number and location of fibronectin binding sites on denatured collagen. Although most attention has focused on a single site near the collagenase-sensitive region of each alpha chain, there is evidence for additional sites in other regions. We treated bovine type I collagen with cyanogen bromide, labeled the resulting mixture with fluorescein, and separated the peptides by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fluorescent bands were excised from the gel and dialyzed exhaustively to remove detergent. Titration of eight distinct fluorescent-labeled fragments with the 42-kDa gelatin-binding fragment of fibronectin caused increases in anisotropy that were fully reversible with unlabeled gelatin. By fitting the dose responses it was possible to calculate apparent K(d)'s whose values ranged between 1 and 4 microM. The largest fragment, alpha(2)-CB3,5, composing about 2/3 of the alpha(2) chain, when further digested with endoproteinase Lys-C, yielded at least three additional subfragments that also bound with similar affinities. Thus, there appear to be at least 14 distinct fibronectin binding sites of similar affinity in bovine type I collagen, five on each of the alpha(1) chains and four on the alpha(2) chain. Experiments with several synthetic peptides failed to reveal the exact nature of the binding site.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Formation of amyloid-like fibrils by self-association of a partially unfolded fibronectin type III module.

The ninth type III module of murine fibronectin was expressed in E. coli and folded into a compact homogeneous monomer whose unfolding and refolding were then investigated by fluorescence, circular dichroism, calorimetry and electron microscopy. The isolated module is unusually labile under physiological conditions. When heated at 1 deg. C/minute it exhibits an irreversible endothermic transition between 35 and 42 degrees C depending on the protein concentration. The transition is accompanied by changes in secondary and tertiary structure with partial exposure of the single tryptophan and increased binding of the hydrophobic probe, 1,8-anilinonaphthalene-sulfonate. The partially unfolded intermediate undergoes rapid self-association leading to the formation of large stable multimers that, like the original monomer, contain substantial amounts of beta sheet structure. The multimers melt and dissociate reversibly in a second endothermic transition between 60 and 90 degrees C also depending on the protein concentration. This second transition destroys the remaining secondary structure and further exposes the tryptophan. Visualization of negatively stained specimens in the electron microscope reveals that partially unfolded rmIII-9 slowly forms amyloid-like fibrils of approximately 10 nm width and indeterminate length. A subdomain swapping mechanism is proposed in which beta strands from one partially unfolded molecule interact with complementary regions of another to form oligomers and polymers. The possibility that similar interactions could play a role in the formation of fibrils by fibronectin in vivo is discussed.

Amyloid↗
PubMed1997

Cryptic self-association sites in type III modules of fibronectin.

The first type III module of fibronectin (Fn) contains a cryptic site that binds Fn and its N-terminal 29 kDa fragment and is thought to be important for fibril formation (Morla, A., Zhang, Z., and Ruoslahti, E. (1994) Nature 367, 193-196; Hocking, D. C., Sottile, J. , and McKeown-Longo, P. J. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 19183-19191). A synthetic 31-mer peptide (NAPQ ... TIPG) derived from the middle of domain III1 was also shown to bind Fn, but the site of its interaction was not determined (Morla, A., and Ruoslahti, E. (1992) J. Cell Biol. 118, 421-429). By affinity chromatography on peptide-agarose, we tested a set of fragments representing the entire light chain of plasma Fn. Only 40-kDa Hep-2 (III12-15) failed to bind. The concentration of urea required for peak elution of Fn and the other fragments decreased in the order Fn > 42-kDa GBF (I6II1-2I7-9) > 19-kDa Fib-2 (I10-12) > 110-kDa CBF(III2-10) > 29-kDa Fib-1 (I1-I5). Neither Fn nor any of the fragments bound immobilized intact III1, confirming the cryptic nature of this activity. In an effort to detect interactions between other Fn domains, all fragments were coupled to Sepharose, and each fragment was tested on each affinity matrix before and after denaturation. The only interaction detected was that of fluid phase III1 with immobilized denatured 110-kDa CBF and 40-kDa Hep-2, both of which contain type III domains. Analysis of subfragments revealed this activity to be dominated by domains III7 and III15. Fn itself did not bind to the denatured fragments. Thus, domain III1 contains two cryptic "self-association sites," one that is buried in the core of the fold but recognizes many Fn fragments when presented as a peptide and another that is concealed in Fn but exposed in the native isolated domain and recognizes cryptic sites in two other type III domains. These interactions between type III domains could play an important role in assembly of Fn multimers in the extracellular matrix.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1995

Heparin binding by fibronectin module III-13 involves six discontinuous basic residues brought together to form a cationic cradle.

The thirteenth type III domain of fibronectin binds heparin almost as well as fibronectin itself and contains a so-called heparin-binding consensus sequence, Arg6-Arg7-Ala8-Arg9 (residues 1697-1700 in plasma fibronectin). Barkalow and Schwarzbauer (Barkalow, F.J., and Schwarzbauer, J.E. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 7812-7818) showed that mutation of Arg6-Arg7 in domain III-13 of recombinant truncated fibronectins abolished their ability to bind heparin-Sepharose. However, synthetic peptides containing this sequence have negligible affinity for heparin (Ingham, K.C., Brew, S.A., Migliorini, M. M., and Busby, T.F. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 12548-12553). We generated a three-dimensional model of fibronectin type III-13 based on the structure of a homologous domain from tenascin. The model places Arg23, Lys25, and Arg54 parallel to and in close proximity to the Arg6-Arg7-Ala8-Arg9 motif, suggesting that these residues may also contribute to the heparin-binding site. Domain III-13 and six single-site mutants containing Ser in place of each of the above-mentioned basic residues were expressed in Escherichia coli. All of the purified mutant domains melted reversibly with a Tm near that of the wild type indicating that they were correctly folded. When fluorescein-labeled heparin was titrated at physiological ionic strength, the wild type domain increased the anisotropy in a hyperbolic fashion with a Kd of 5-7 microM, close to that of the natural domain obtained by proteolysis of fibronectin. The R54S mutant bound 3-fold weaker and the remaining mutants bound at least 10-fold weaker than wild type. The results point out that the Arg6-Arg7-Ala8-Arg9 consensus sequence by itself has little affinity for heparin under physiological conditions, even when presented in the context of a folded domain. Thus, the heparin-binding site in fibronectin is more complex than previously realized. It is formed by a cluster of 6 positively charged residues that are remote in the sequence but brought together on one side of domain III-13 to form a "cationic cradle" into which the anionic heparin molecule could fit.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Photoinduced structural changes in the collagen/gelatin binding domain of fibronectin.

Prolonged exposure of human plasma fibronectin (pFn) and its 40- and 21-kDa collagen/gelatin binding fragments (GBFs) to 280-nm irradiation decreased their affinity for gelatin and for TR-CB7, a fluorescently labeled CNBr fragment of the alpha-1 chain of type I collagen. Fluorescence polarization binding assays of TR-CB7 with pFn and the 40-kDa GBF yielded progressively higher Kd's with increased time of exposure to 280-nm light at 25 degrees C. Binding of nonirradiated and irradiated pFn and fragments to gelatin-Sepharose correlated with the polarization data, confirming diminished gelatin binding following exposure to 280-nm light. Fluorescence spectra of intrinsic tryptophans in the 21- and 40-kDa GBFs exhibited changes indicative of photoinduced conformational changes; the maximum fluorescence wavelength red-shifted from between 340 and 350 nm to 360 nm, with concomitant increases in fluorescence intensity. Exposure of 21- and 40-kDa GBFs and pFn to 280-nm light also generated approximately two, four, and six free sulfhydryl groups per molecule, respectively. No sulfhydryl release was observed in other Trp- and disulfide-containing proteins under the same conditions. We propose that the fluorescence changes as well as the changes in affinity for gelatin or the collagen fragment result from structural changes secondary to the breakage of disulfide bonds, as a consequence of energy transfer from nearby tryptophans in one or more of the Fn type I repeats in the gelatin binding region of fibronectin.

Collagen↗
PubMed1995

Influence of carbohydrate on structure, stability, and function of gelatin-binding fragments of fibronectin.

The gelatin-binding region of fibronectin contains three Asn-linked carbohydrate moieties, one on the second type II module and two on the eighth type I "finger" module. Carbohydrate groups were enzymatically removed from two nonoverlapping gelatin-binding fragments (GBFs), 21-kDa GBF (modular composition I8-I9) and, with much greater difficulty, 30-kDa GBF (modular composition I6-II1-II2-I7). The gelatin-binding properties of these fragments were affected only slightly or not at all. Fluorescence and calorimetric analyses indicated that module I8 was strongly destabilized by deglycosylation such that the apo form melts near physiological temperature. A similar effect was caused by decreasing the pH of the holo form to 6.0, suggesting that one or more histidines are important for stability of module I8. The 21-kDa fragment exhibited an acid-induced change in fluorescence that occurred at higher pH in the deglycosylated derivative, providing further evidence of a stabilizing role for one or both carbohydrate moieties. By contrast, the stability of module II2 was unaffected by removal of its single carbohydrate. The effects of carbohydrate on the stability of module I8 may be important in efforts to express it or fragments containing it in bacteria.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed1994

The NH2-terminal fibrin-binding site of fibronectin is formed by interacting fourth and fifth finger domains. Studies with recombinant finger fragments expressed in Escherichia coli.

The NH2-terminal 29-kDa Fib-1 fragment consisting of the first five finger modules of fibronectin (F1-5) binds reversibly to fibrin and facilitates cross-linking by Factor XIII. To narrow down the fibrin-binding site within this region, we have used recombinant technology to express a number of individual fingers, rF1, rF2, rF3, rF4, and rF5, and their pairs, rF1-2 rF2-3, and rF4-5, as fusion proteins in Escherichia coli. These recombinant fragments were separated from the carrier maltose-binding protein by digestion with human factor Xa or other proteases, and their structural integrity was confirmed by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods. The recombinant F1 and F4-5 exhibited fluorescence-detected melting transitions of the same magnitude and with the same midpoint (Tm) as their natural analogues prepared from Fib-1 by proteolysis. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments further demonstrated that these fragments are properly folded and have compact structures identical to the natural ones. Isolated rF4 melts at a much lower temperature than rF5 or the bimodular fragment rF4-5, indicating the loss of a stabilizing interaction between fingers 4 and 5. Comparison of fluorescence spectra of individual rF4 and rF5 with that of rF4-5 was also consistent with an interaction that affects the environment of Trp residue(s). rF2 also melts at a lower temperature than rF3 or rF2-3, suggesting a stabilizing interaction between the second and third fingers as well. When tested on fibrin-Sepharose, only the bimodular fragment rF4-5 was able to bind. All other fragments, including individual fingers 4 and 5, failed to bind. Thus, fibrin binding is not a common property of all fingers. The results indicate that a recognition site for fibrin is located within fingers 4 and 5. The interaction between these neighboring domains may play an important role in proper orientation of the residues forming this site.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

An unusual heparin-binding peptide from the carboxy-terminal hep-2 region of fibronectin.

A synthetic 22 residue peptide, N22W, with sequence NVSPPRRARVTDATETTITISW, derived from the amino terminus of type III module 13 in the carboxy-terminal hep-2 domain of fibronectin, was found to exhibit unusual heparin binding properties. Titration of fluoresceinamine-labeled heparin (FA-heparin) with N22W at 25 degrees C and pH 7.4 in 0.02 M Tris buffer containing 0.15 M NaCl (TBS) produced a cooperative sigmoidal increase in fluorescence polarization anisotropy with half-saturation near 2.5 microM. The increase in anisotropy was even greater than that produced by the much larger 30-kDa hep-2 fragment of fibronectin and saturation was achieved at lower concentration. Simply deleting the C-terminal Trp from the peptide abolished its heparin-binding activity as did deletion of residues TETTITIS or mutation of the RR doublet to SS. Further analysis suggested that peptide-peptide interactions mediated by the carboxy-terminal region of N22W play an important role in its binding to heparin. A branched tetrameric peptide containing four copies of N21S caused a nearly hyperbolic increase in anisotropy of FA-heparin with an apparent Kd of 0.3 microM in TBS, 10-fold lower than that of the monomer or of the parent domain from which the peptide was derived. The results illustrate that peptide-peptide interactions can lead to stronger binding by allowing multiple points of contact with the negatively charged polysaccharide.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Binding of heparin by type III domains and peptides from the carboxy terminal hep-2 region of fibronectin.

The major sites of heparin binding by fibronectin are located in fragments of 30 or 40 kDa that contain type III modules 12 through 14 or 15. Various proteolytic or recombinant subfragments and several synthetic peptides derived from this region have been compared with respect to their binding to fluorescein-labeled heparin in solution. Binding was monitored by the change in fluorescence anisotropy at 25 degrees C and pH 7.4 in 0.02 M Tris buffer, alone (TB) or with 0.15M NaCl (TBS). A 23-kDa fragment containing III13 and III14 but lacking III12 had Kd values of 0.3 and 1.8 microM in TB, and TBS, respectively, indistinguishable from the 30-kDa parent. Fragments containing only module III13 bound 2-3-fold weaker than the parent while those containing only III14 bound 6-50-fold weaker depending on the ionic strength. Fragments containing only III12 or III15 failed to bind at all in TBS. A cationic peptide derived from the amino terminus of III13 and containing the Arg-Arg-Ala-Arg consensus sequence, whose integrity was shown by Barkalow and Schwarzbauer [Barkalow, F. J., & Schwarzbauer, J. E. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 7812-7818] to be critical, failed to bind in TBS but bound weakly in TB. Two additional cationic peptides derived from the middle and C-terminal regions of III14 showed similar behavior. Thus while the major determinant(s) of heparin binding are located in III13, those determinants are only active when part of a properly folded structure. Furthermore, module III13 when isolated had a slightly lower affinity than fragments containing both III13 and III14.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

1H-n.m.r. studies of the fibronectin 13 kDa collagen-binding fragment. Evidence for autonomous conserved type I and type II domain folds.

A 1H-n.m.r. study of a 117-residue (13 kDa) gelatin-binding fragment of human fibronectin, which contains the sixth (from the N-terminus) type I domain and the first type II domain, was undertaken. The resolution of the 1H-n.m.r. spectrum indicates that the domains are independent and mobile relative to each other. Analysis of two-dimensional 1H-n.m.r. experiments recorded at 500 MHz afforded spin-system identifications for all aromatic and a number of aliphatic residues. Utilizing the fact that phenylalanine residues occur only in the type II portion of this fragment, many spin systems were localized to either the type I or the type II module via analysis of two-dimensional nuclear-Overhauser-effect (NOESY) experiments. This allowed unambiguous assignment of the two tryptophan residues, as they occur singly in each domain. Patterns of NOESY connectivities are found to be consistent with known type I and type II domain structures; this affords a number of tentative sequence-specific assignments. For both domains, evidence of conserved hydrophobic cores and secondary-structure elements is obtained. In addition, 1H-n.m.r.-monitored thermal-melting studies demonstrate conclusively that the domains are independently folded and that the type I domain has high thermal stability relative to the type II domain. This is consistent with the results of calorimetric studies, and also confirms the localization of spin systems determined from the NOESY data.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Reversible unfolding of an isolated heparin and DNA binding fragment, the first type III module from fibronectin.

Several fragments containing all or part of the first type III homology unit of fibronectin were isolated and their folding properties examined by fluorescence spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Each fragment exhibits a reversible unfolding transition when heated or titrated with guanidinium chloride. This indicates that an isolated type III module can fold independently in the absence of neighboring modules. A comparison of the specific enthalpies of unfolding of these fragments with those of well-studied globular proteins suggests that this type III unit is composed of a stable core flanked by less compact or unstructured regions. Comparison of the heparin-binding properties of these fragments revealed that removal of 12 amino acids from the amino terminus of the largest one (Ile-585 to Val-675) increased its affinity for immobilized heparin such that it now binds at physiological ionic strength.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1992

Integrity of refolded and reoxidized gelatin-binding fragments of fibronectin.

The gelatin-binding region of fibronectin is easily isolated as a stable and functional 42-kDa fragment (42-kDa GBF) containing four type I "finger" modules and two type II "kringle-like" modules arranged in the order I6-II1-II2-I7-I8-I9, where the numbers designate the order of these modules in each of the two polypeptide chains. Each module forms an independently folded domain stabilized by two disulfide bonds. Reduction of disulfides caused large changes in the intrinsic fluorescence and abolished the gelatin-binding activity of 42-kDa GBF and two nonoverlapping gelatin-binding subfragments, 30-kDa GBF (I6-II1-II2-I7) and 21-kDa GBF (I8-I9). However, high yields of active material could be regenerated, without diluting the protein, by dialysis into GdmCl followed by slow overnight removal of GdmCl while maintaining the redox potential with a mixture of oxidized and reduced glutathione. Fluorescence spectroscopic analysis indicated that the tertiary structure and thermodynamic stability of the refolded fragments were similar to those of the originals. The refolded fragments were quantitatively indistinguishable from the originals with respect to their dissociation constants for binding to a fluorescent-labeled collagen fragment. The results suggest that all or most of the cystines, a total of 24 in 42-kDa GBF, are correctly paired in the refolded products and that the tertiary structure was completely recovered. The fact that the 30- and 21-kDa fragments bind with a similar affinity proves the existence of at least two nonoverlapping sites in 42-kDa GBF that recognize gelatin.

Carrier Proteins↗
PubMed1990

Interaction of heparin with fibronectin and isolated fibronectin domains.

Fluorescence polarization, gel exclusion chromatography and affinity chromatography were used to characterize the interaction of heparins of different size with human plasma fibronectin (Fn) and several of its isolated domains. The fluid-phase interaction of Fn with heparin was dominated by the 30 kDa and 40 kDa Hep-2 domains located near the C-terminal ends of the A and B chains respectively. The 30 kDa Hep-2A domain from the heavy chain was indistinguishable from the 40 kDa Hep-2B domain in this respect; the presence of an additional type III homology unit in the latter had no effect on the binding. Evidence was provided that each Hep-2 domain has two binding sites for heparin. The N-terminal Hep-1 domain reacted weakly in fluid phase even though it binds strongly to immobilized heparin. Fn and Hep-2 fragments were rather undiscriminating in their reaction with fluoresceinamine-labelled heparins of different sizes. However, oligosaccharides smaller than the tetradecasaccharide (14-mer) bound Fn with a 5-10-fold lower affinity. These results suggest that the Hep-2 domains of Fn are able to recognize a broad spectrum of oligosaccharides that presumably vary significantly with respect to the amount and spatial distribution of charge.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1989

Further localization of the gelatin-binding determinants within fibronectin. Active fragments devoid of type II homologous repeat modules.

Digestion of a 42-kDa gelatin-binding fragment (GBF) of fibronectin with pepsin followed by affinity chromatography on gelatin-Sepharose produces three fractions, a drop-through non-binding fraction, a retarded fraction that is dominated by a 13-kDa fragment whose NH2 terminus is identical to that of 42-kDa GBF, and a binding fraction that contains a homogeneous fragment of apparent mass 21 kDa with an NH2 terminus corresponding to Arg484. This 21-kDa GBF binds repeatedly to gelatin-Sepharose, eluting near 2.6 M in a urea gradient. It also binds in the fluid phase to a fluorescent-labeled collagen peptide with Kd = 10 microM and inhibits the binding of 42-kDa GBF to the same peptide with KI = 7.3 microM. Thus, major gelatin-binding determinants of fibronectin are located within a 21-kDa region that contains two type I homologous "finger" modules and is devoid of the type II "kringle-like" modules that were previously thought to be essential for this activity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Reversible unfolding of the gelatin-binding domain of fibronectin: structural stability in relation to function.

Fibronectin, a large multidomain glycoprotein, binds denatured collagen (gelatin) and mediates cell attachment and spreading on collagen-coated surfaces. Despite the high affinity, binding to gelatin is disrupted by relatively mild conditions. We have examined the effects of denaturants on the structure and function of a 42-kDa gelatin-binding fragment (GBF) isolated from chymotryptic and thermolytic digests of the parent protein. Application of linear gradients to GBF-loaded gelatin-agarose columns resulted in peak elution of the fragment at pH 5.2 or 10.2, at 0.4 M dimethylformamide, 0.9 M GdmCl, or 2.0 M urea, conditions far short of those required to induce structural changes detectable by fluorescence or circular dichroism. Solvent perturbation, fluorescence quenching, and chemical modification experiments indicate that about half of the 8 tryptophans, one-third of the 21 tyrosines, and all of the 9 lysine residues are solvent-exposed in the native protein and that 1 or more of the latter are directly involved in binding to gelatin, most likely through a hydrogen-bonding mechanism. Titration with GdmCl produced a single unfolding transition centered near 2.5 M GdmCl as monitored by changes in fluorescence and circular dichroism. This transition was fully reversible with complete recovery of structural parameters and gelatin binding. Treatment with disulfide reducing agents caused rapid irreversible changes in structure similar to those produced by GdmCl with concomitant loss of gelatin binding. Thus, tertiary and secondary structures are important for binding, but binding can be disrupted without perturbing those structures.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Interaction of fibronectin and its gelatin-binding domains with fluorescent-labeled chains of type I collagen.

Fluorescent probes have been used to obtain dissociation constants for the fluid-phase interaction of human plasma fibronectin and several of its gelatin-binding fragments with purified alpha chains of type I rat tail collagen, as well as with a cyanogen bromide fragment (CB7) of the alpha 1 chain in 0.02 M Tris buffer containing 0.15 M NaCl at pH 7.4. Addition of fibronectin to fluorescein-labeled collagen chains caused a dose-dependent increase in the fluorescence anisotropy which continued over several logs of titrant concentration. Scatchard-type plots of the anisotropy response were biphasic indicating the presence of one or more weak sites (Kd greater than microM) along the collagen chain in addition to a strong site characterized by Kd = 1.3 X 10(-8) M at 25 degrees C. Gelatin-binding fragments with Mr = 42,000, 60,000, and 72,000 also produced a biphasic response with Kd values for the high affinity site being 10- to 20-fold greater than for intact fibronectin. Binding of fibronectin and its fragments to fluorescent-labeled CB7 was essentially the same as to the whole alpha 1 chain. In all cases, the anisotropy response could be reversed or prevented by addition of excess unlabeled gelatin or CB7, but not by synthetic peptides spanning the collagenase cleavage site of alpha 1 (I). Studies of the temperature dependence of Kd for binding of fibronectin to the high affinity site on alpha 1 produced a value of +16 kcal/mol for the enthalpy of dissociation below 30 degrees C. Above this temperature, fibronectin appeared to undergo a subtle conformational transition characterization by a reduced affinity for collagen. This transition occurred in whole fibronectin but not in the gelatin-binding fragments and may involve disruption of intramolecular interactions between different domains.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1986

Kinetics of interaction of C1 inhibitor with complement C1s.

The kinetics of inhibition of the complement serine protease, C1s, by its only known inhibitor, C1 inhibitor, have been measured by a variety of methods. One method continuously monitors the loss of esterolytic activity with a synthetic substrate coupled to a chromogen while another monitors the formation of a stable (covalent) complex by high-pressure size-exclusion chromatography under dissociating conditions. Additional methods employ fluorescence probes to follow the formation of bimolecular complexes but are not expected to distinguish between covalent product and noncovalent (reversible) intermediates. There was good agreement between rate constants obtained by the various methods over a broad range of inhibitor concentrations, suggesting that noncovalent intermediates do not accumulate to a significant extent. The reaction appears to be pure second order with a bimolecular rate constant of 6.0 X 10(4) M-1 s-1 at 30 degrees C, independent of Ca2+, and an activation energy of 11.0 kcal/mol. The rate increases up to 35-fold in the presence of heparin which was shown to bind to all three components (enzyme, inhibitor, and complex) with similar affinity (Kd = 2.0-3.3 microM). The fluorescent probe 1,1'-bis(anilino)-4-,4'-bi(naphthalene)-8,8'-disulfonate [bis(ANS)] bound to the complex with Kd = 0.26 microM under conditions where the individual components had little affinity for the dye, consistent with the generation of one or more hydrophobic binding sites on the protein surface during complex formation.

Complement Activating Enzymes↗