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Biomedical subjects

S Aiyar

Publications and source records attributed to S Aiyar.

15 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Antibiotics in chronic suppurative otitis media: a bacteriologic study.

Conservative medical management of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is an important step in achieving a dry ear. Topical antibiotic ear drops and aural toilet form the mainstay of medical management of noncholesteatomatous CSOM. This study analyzes the causal organisms and their sensitivity to various antibiotics. Out of 382 swabs examined, the major organisms isolated were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.2%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (23.6%). The sensitivity of P. aeruginosa was 100% to ceftazidime, 98.9% to ciprofloxacin, 96.3% to gentamicin, and 95.4% to polymyxin B, whereas the sensitivity of S. aureus was 98.6% to ciprofloxacin, 97.4% to cloxacillin sodium, 96.5% to cotrimoxazole, and 90.7% to gentamicin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was almost completely resistant to ampicillin (97.6%) and chloramphenicol (96.6%), whereas S. aureus was almost completely resistant to ampicillin (73.8%) and polymyxin B (98.3%). Among the available topical antibiotic preparations for use in the ear, we found that ciprofloxacin and gentamicin are the best choices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia in a child with disseminated cryptococcosis.

We describe a Malay girl with disseminated cryptococcosis affecting the lungs, liver, lymph nodes and bones. The diagnosis was made by culture of the bone marrow. Tests of immune function showed that she was HIV-negative but the CD4 percentage was persistently low. Idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia was diagnosed. The child died despite two courses of anti-fungal therapy.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed1997

The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-HCV antibody in paediatric oncology patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia.

This study examined the prevalence of hepatitis B and C markers in 55 paediatric oncology patients who had completed treatment at the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia in Kota Baru. All these children had received blood products and had been treated between 1985-1996. Forty seven per cent of patients were positive for hepatitis B or C. Twenty nine per cent were positive for hepatitis C and twenty two per cent were HBsAg positive. Two children were positive for both and none were HIV positive. Four children had an elevated ALT level and one child had jaundice and hepatomegaly. Some children were marker-positive despite immunization and screening of blood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Acute pancreatitis in north-eastern peninsular Malaysia: an unusual demographic and aetiological pattern.

A survey of 142 cases of acute pancreatitis was undertaken in two major hospitals serving the state of Kelantan in Malaysia. Females outnumbered males by a ratio of more than 3:1. The incidence among females peaked in the third decade of life. Twenty-one percent (23/109) of the females were pregnant. Ultrasonography revealed gallstones in only 9.4% (13/138). However, abnormalities of serum transaminases were found in 35% (35/100), suggesting that occult gallstones or microlithiasis may be the cause in a significant proportion of patients. Alcohol was virtually absent as an aetiological factor. There was a higher frequency of Ascaris infection in this group than a control hospital population (11/35 vs 33/242; p < 0.02) suggesting that ascariasis may be an important cause of acute pancreatitis in Kelantan. Only 8.4% fell into the category of severe pancreatitis. The overall mortality rate was 2.1%.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Detection of enterovirus RNA in clinical samples by nested polymerase chain reaction for rapid diagnosis of enterovirus infection.

Employing a nested polymerase chain reaction with primers from the 5' non-translated region of the enterovirus genome, we detected enteroviral RNA from patients with a variety of enterovirus-associated clinical syndromes. This technique was found to be sensitive (detecting enteroviral RNA extracted from 0.1 50% tissue culture infectious dose) and specific; no specific PCR product was detected from RNA extracts of a variety of non-enterovirus isolates. Although the technique is of comparable sensitivity to single round polymerase chain reaction followed by Southern blot hybridization, it was more rapid, since it enabled a diagnosis to be made within 1 day. Thus, using nested polymerase chain reaction we were able to detect enteroviral RNA in 31 of 46 clinical specimens from 17 of 23 patients with suspected enterovirus infections. The samples included cerebrospinal fluid, throat swabs, stool, vesicle fluid, peripheral blood lymphocytes, whole blood and pericardial effusion. In contrast virus was isolated in only 17 of 42 clinical specimens from 12 of 22 these patients. In preliminary studies, restriction endonuclease analysis of polymerase chain reaction products enabled us to distinguish between non-polio enteroviruses and poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3. This additional technique may be useful in distinguishing between such infections in polio-endemic countries where rapid public health measures may be required.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Helicobacter pylori infection in north-eastern peninsular Malaysia. Evidence for an unusually low prevalence.

The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection was determined in peptic ulcer patients, in non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) patients, and in the general adult population. The H. pylori infection rate ascertained by microbiologic examination of multiple gastric antral biopsy specimens was 50% (17 of 34) in duodenal ulcer (DU), 5% (1 of 22) in gastric ulcer, and 9% (15 of 159) in NUD patients. A seroepidemiologic survey showed a prevalence of only 4.2% among 496 blood donors and 4.8% among 921 subjects who attended health screening clinics. H. pylori infection is relatively uncommon and does not appear to be the predominant factor in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease in the area. The incidence of peptic ulcer perforations in the area in 1991-92 was 1.5 per 100,000 person-years, reflecting a relatively low frequency of peptic ulcers, which might be due to the low prevalence of H. pylori infection in the population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Reliability of two commercial serological kits for serodiagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection.

Two commercial serological kits, Pylori-set (Orion Diagnostica, Finland) and Helico-G (Cambridge Biomedical Ltd, UK), and an in-house ELISA were evaluated with sera from 24 Helicobacter pylori-positive and 146 H. pylori-negative dyspeptic patients. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of Pylori-set were lower than that of Helico-G and in-house ELISA. Helico-G was more sensitive (91.7%) than in-house ELISA (83.3%) and both had comparable negative predictive values of 98.3% and 97.3%, respectively. However, specificity (97.9%) and positive predictive value (86.9%) of an in-house ELISA were much higher than specificity (80.1%) and positive predictive value (43.1%) of Helico-G. Kappa index of agreement between the three serological tests (Pylori-set, Helico-G or in-house ELISA) and the presence of H. pylori in antral biopsies was very low (k = 0.13; z = 1.9; p > 0.05), moderate (k = 0.49; z = 7.1; p < 0.0001), or substantial (k = 0.82; z = 10.8; p < 0.0001), respectively. Overall, statistical evaluations demonstrated that both commercial kits were not as reliable as the in-house ELISA for serodiagnosing H. pylori infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Intracranial suppuration caused by Micrococcus luteus.

Micrococcus spp. are commensal organisms colonizing the body surfaces of humans. In a few instances these organisms have been reported to colonize ventricular shunts. We report a patient, with no overt evidence of immunosuppression, in whom Micrococcus luteus was responsible for intracranial suppuration at multiple sites.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the rapid diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.

Cerebrospinal fluid from patients with clinically diagnosed meningitis was tested for meningococcal, pneumococcal, streptococcal Group B and Haemophilus influenzae antigens by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Antigens were rapidly identified and the results compared favourably with that of bacteriological culture. In the case of pneumococcal meningitis counterimmunoelectrophoresis proved to be more sensitive than culture. The procedure was shown to be sensitive, specific, rapid and easily performed.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

Attempts to infect experimentally immunosuppressed iris monkeys (Macaca iris) with Brugia malayi.

Iris monkeys resistant to repeated infections with B. malayi were subjected to immunosuppression by treatment with cortisone. Degree of immunosuppression was measured by: (a) blood counts, (b) lymphocyte transformation to mitogens and (c) immunofluorescent antibody to microfilarial antigens. Attempts were made to infect such immunosuppressed animals with B. malayi. No microfilariae were detected in the blood of any of the Iris monkeys during the 6 months of study. There was a sharp drop in the percentages of lymphocytes, but a rise in neutrophil counts during the first week of cortisone administration. Treatment with cortisone did not alter the antibody titres. The significance of this line of approach in the understanding of filarial resistance is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Mechanism of destruction of Brugia malayi microfilariae in vitro: the role of antibody and leucocytes.

Human and monkey leucocytes in serum from previously patent Brugia malayi infected monkeys adhered to and caused cytotoxicity to microfilariae of B. malayi in vitro. The phenomenon also occurred in human serum from confirmed cases of bancroftian and malayan elephantiasis. Adherence of leucocytes was not seen in serum from uninfected monkeys, monkeys with patent B. malayi infection and serum from rats infected with Breinlia booliati but now amicrofilaraemic. Immune serum failed to promote adherence of leucocytes to L3 of B. malayi. The activity was lost when the serum was either incubated with Protein A-bearing Staphylococcus aureus or heat inactivated at 56 degrees C for 30 min. Light and electron microscopic observations regarding the type of adhering cells and sequence of events following adherence are described.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effect of immune serum on Brugia malayi microfilaria: ultra structural observations.

The in vitro effect of immune monkey serum on microfilariae of Brugia malayi was investigated using the electron microscope. The sheaths of microfilaria incubated with immune serum were seen to be covered with electron dense precipitates. After 24 hours of incubation, majority of microfilariae incubated with immune serum exhibited degenerative changes. Comparable changes were not seen in microfilariae incubated with normal serum. The significance of these observations are discussed.

Animals↗