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S Asikainen

Publications and source records attributed to S Asikainen.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Penetration of tinidazole into the gingival crevicular fluid in dogs.

Tinidazole was administered as a single oral dose of 15 mg kg-1 to 12 dogs, and its concentration in the plasma and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was measured at one and two hours by high performance liquid chromatography. Tinidazole was detectable in GCF in five dogs at one hour (6.8 +/- 2.6 micrograms ml-1) and in six dogs at two hours (9.2 +/- 1.4 micrograms ml-1) and in all plasma samples. In those animals with no detectable tinidazole in GCF, either the concentration of tinidazole in plasma was low or the volume of the GCF sample was insufficient for determination. The observed tinidazole levels in GCF exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration values for most anaerobic oral bacteria.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

The early colonization of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria in edentulous infants.

The occurrence of oral gram-negative anaerobes was examined in 30 edentulous infants (mean age 3 months, range 1-7 months). One pooled swab sample from mucosal surfaces (cheeks, palate, tongue) and one saliva sample was taken from each infant. The samples were cultured aerobically and anaerobically using non-selective and selective media. Prevotella (Bacteroides) melaninogenica was the most frequently isolated anaerobe, found in 70% of the infants. The other common anaerobes were Fusobacterium nucleatum, Veillonella spp. and nonpigmented Prevotella (Bacteroides) spp., found in 60%, 57% and 57% of the infants, respectively. Of corroding bacilli, Bacteroides gracilis was detected in 23% of the infants, Wolinella spp. and microaerophilic Eikenella corrodens in one infant (3% each). Leptotrichia spp., microaerophilic Capnocytophaga spp., Prevotella (Bacteroides) loescheii and Prevotella (Bacteroides) intermedia were found in 17%, 13%, 13% and 7% of the infants, respectively. In addition to these 30 infants, 21 edentulous infants were investigated for the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans only. A. actinomycetemcomitans was not detected in any of the 51 edentulous infants. The number of different anaerobic bacterial species in the same mouth varied from 0 to 7. No anaerobic bacteria were detected in 3 of 30 children (10%). These data suggest that various anaerobic bacterial species readily colonize the edentulous mouth in infants.

Bacteroides↗
PubMed1992

Relationship between oral gram-negative anaerobic bacteria in saliva of the mother and the colonization of her edentulous infant.

Various gram-negative anaerobic bacterial species can be detected in the oral flora of edentulous infants. However, knowledge of the initial infection source is still scarce. Thirty Caucasian mothers (mean age 30 years) and their edentulous infants (mean age 3 months) were examined for the possible similarity of the oral gram-negative anaerobic flora. Paraffin-stimulated saliva was collected from the mothers. A pooled swab sample from mucosal surfaces and unstimulated saliva were collected from the infants. The samples were inoculated on nonselective and selective media and cultured aerobically and anaerobically. All of the 30 mothers harbored Fusobacterium nucleatum and 29 mothers Prevotella melaninogenica in their saliva. The salivary levels of P. melaninogenica, F. nucleatum, nonpigmented Prevotella spp., Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella loescheii exceeded 10(4) CFU/ml in about half of the 30 mothers. At this maternal salivary level, the infants' colonization frequency of P. melaninogenica and F. nucleatum was doubled. A positive correlation between maternal salivary concentration and infant's colonization was found for P. melaninogenica. No positive association was found with nonpigmented Prevotella spp., P. intermedia and P. loescheii. It can be speculated that maternal saliva may act as a source of some gram-negative anaerobes in the oral microflora of edentulous infants as early as before tooth eruption.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Frequency and stability of mono- or poly-infection by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotypes a, b, c, d or e.

The aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of simultaneously multiple Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotypes in one individual, stability of infection by the same serotype and the occurrence of previously not described serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans. The serotypes of 515 clinical isolates of A. actinomycetemcomitans from 91 Finnish, Caucasian subjects, including 321 follow-up samples from 51 subjects, were determined with immunodiffusion assay. Most subjects (n = 86, 95%) were infected with one serotype only; 466 (91%) isolates from 80 subjects belonged to serotype a (25% of isolates/25 subjects), b (25% of isolates/27 subjects) or c (41% of isolates/30 subjects). Fifteen isolates from 4 subjects reacted with the antiserum raised against previously untypable clinical strain IDH 781 (serotype d) and 18 isolates from 5 subjects with the antiserum raised against strain IDH 1705 or IDH 3096 (serotype e). Sixteen (3%) isolates from 5 subjects remained untypable. The same infecting A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype(s) persisted for the 1-6 years of follow-up. In conclusion, the study indicates a rare simultaneous occurrence of multiple oral A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes, the stability of infection by the same serotype(s) and the existence of serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans not previously described.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of the E test for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.

The E test was compared with an agar dilution method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans on Mueller-Hinton Haemophilus test medium. Eighty recent isolates of A. actinomycetemcomitans from 40 subjects and 3 reference strains were studied. Excellent agreement was obtained between the E test and the agar dilution test for benzylpenicillin (98.8%), ampicillin (97.5%), cefaclor (100%), cefuroxime (100%), tetracycline hydrochloride (100%) and ciprofloxacin (98.7%); 76.0% agreement was obtained for metronidazole and only 5.2% for cotrimoxazole. This study indicates that the E test is a reliable method to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials against A. actinomycetemcomitans, except for metronidazole and cotrimoxazole.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans↗
PubMed1992

Puberty-associated gingivitis.

In a 2-yr follow-up study gingival condition was related to oral hygiene and different stages of puberty in 88 14-yr-old Finnish schoolchildren. Visible plaque and gingival bleeding after probing were determined from six teeth, at four sites each. Bitewing radiographs were taken from the molar areas. These examinations were repeated 2 yr later. The pubertal stage of the subjects was determined at the age of 14 by the school physician based on the classification of Tanner according to breast development (M) in girls and genital development (G) in boys. All subjects were in the somatic period of puberty at the time of the baseline examination. No radiographically detectable bone loss was found in either of the examinations. There was no difference in the gingival bleeding tendency at various pubertal stages when all subjects were included or when boys and girls were compared separately. Instead, a highly significant correlation was found between gingival bleeding and visible plaque, both at the baseline and 2 yr later. The results indicate that from the age of 14 to 16 the influence of oral hygiene on the gingival condition may be more important than that of the rising level of steroid hormones.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

In vitro activity of azithromycin compared with that of erythromycin against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.

The in vitro susceptibility of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans to azithromycin, a new macrolide antibiotic of a new class known as azalides, was compared with that of erythromycin by the agar dilution method on Mueller-Hinton Haemophilus test medium. Eighty-two A. actinomycetemcomitans strains, 79 recent clinical isolates obtained from 40 periodontally healthy or diseased subjects, and 3 type strains were included in the study. Erythromycin showed poor in vitro activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans. Azithromycin, however, was highly effective against A. actinomycetemcomitans: all strains were inhibited at 2.0 micrograms/ml. Azithromycin exhibited the best in vitro activity against the serotype a subpopulation of A. actinomycetemcomitans: 100% of the strains were inhibited at 1.0 micrograms/ml. The lowest MICs were, however, recorded by serotype b strains. Since azithromycin has favorable pharmacokinetic properties, including excellent distribution into tissues, it could be expected to pass into gingival crevicular fluid at levels sufficient to inhibit A. actinomycetemcomitans in vivo. Therefore, it is a good candidate for future clinical trials in A. actinomycetemcomitans-associated periodontitis.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1991

Distribution of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotypes in periodontal health and disease.

A total of 177 Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans isolates from 136 periodontally healthy or diseased subjects were serotyped by indirect immunofluorescence and/or immunodiffusion assays. Serotype-specific rabbit antisera against A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes a, b and c were used. All 3 serotypes were commonly found in the study subjects. Serotype b was dominant in subjects with periodontal disease and serotype c was the most common serotype in the healthy subjects. In the immunofluorescence assay, when 85 isolates were cultured anaerobically and fixed in acetone, or cultured aerobically in 10% CO2 and heat-fixed, 60 isolates revealed the same serotypes. The remaining 25 isolates reacted with 2 of the serotype-determining reagents. In the immunodiffusion assay, 22 of these 25 isolates reacted with one antiserum only. These results suggest differences in the distribution of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes between periodontal health and disease and point to possible variation in serotype determination due to bacterial growth and preparation procedures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Are certain oral pathogens part of normal oral flora in denture-wearing edentulous subjects?

A complete loss of teeth may eliminate some pathogenic bacteria for lack of a suitable habitat for colonization. The occurrence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, black-pigmented Bacteroides, mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and yeasts was investigated in 51 edentulous subjects with complete denture(s); mean age 74 years (range 44-92 years). None of the subjects had received antibiotics during the preceding 6 months. Four swab samples per subject were taken from the fitting surface of the upper denture, from the palate, buccal mucosae and dorsum of the tongue. At least 0.5 ml of stimulated saliva was collected into a sterile tube. The samples were cultivated aerobically and anaerobically using nonselective and selective media. A. actinomycetemcomitans was not found in any of the samples. Black-pigmented Bacteroides were found in 49 (96%) and yeasts in 25 (49%) of the subjects. Of the 49 saliva samples, 41 (84%) yielded mutans streptococci and 45 (92%) lactobacilli. In contrast to black-pigmented Bacteroides, mutans streptococci and lactobacilli, A. actinomycetemcomitans may not belong to the normal oral flora of edentulous subjects wearing dentures.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

A 2-year follow-up on the clinical and microbiological conditions of periodontium in teenagers.

87 teenagers were included in a 2-year follow-up study on clinical and microbiological conditions of the periodontium. The clinical status was determined according to the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) for subjects under 20 years of age. 59% of the subjects had at least 3 healthy sextants at the baseline and 68% at the 2-year examination. The microbiological conditions were assessed by using direct dark-field microscopy, and the culture of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitants (A.a.). Subgingival bacterial samples were taken, 2 for the microscopy and 2 for the culture, from the mesial surfaces of the first molars of each subject. The presence of gingival bleeding after probing was separately recorded from the 2 sites sampled for dark-field microscopy. No gingival bleeding at these 2 sites was found at the 2-year examination in 55% of those subjects who were non-bleeding at baseline, in 46% of the subjects initially with 1 bleeding site and in 13% of the subjects with both sites bleeding at baseline. 55% of the subjects with neither fusiforms, motile rods nor spirochetes at baseline maintained their healthy flora for 2 years. A.a. was recovered in 4 subjects at baseline and in 5 subjects 2 years later, in 3 of them at both examinations. Longer follow-up periods are needed to reveal the significance of the constant recovery of A.a. from the same subjects.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1991

Recovery of A. actinomycetemcomitans from teeth, tongue, and saliva.

The recovery of actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans simultaneously from subgingival sites around teeth and dorsum of the tongue and/or saliva was examined in 293 subjects at 444 visits; 295 paired samples were available from subgingival sites and tongue, 171 paired samples from subgingival sites and stimulated saliva, and 137 paired samples from subgingival sites and unstimulated saliva. Sixty-one subjects were periodontally healthy (mean age 20.3 years); 55 exhibited localized juvenile periodontitis (mean age 21.8 years); 176 adult periodontitis (mean age 46.7 years); and 1 prepubertal periodontitis (age 10 years). When A. actinomycetemcomitans was recovered from subgingival sites, it was also found in 56.3%, 69.9%, and 35.9% of the paired samples from tongue, and stimulated and unstimulated saliva, respectively. No difference in the detection rate of A. actinomycetemcomitans from tongue or stimulated saliva was seen between the subjects with healthy or diseased periodontium. When A. actinomycetemcomitans was not recovered from subgingival sites, it was cultured in 6.8%, 2.0%, and 1.4% of the paired samples from tongue, and stimulated and unstimulated saliva, respectively. In search for noninvasive, inexpensive, and easily run sampling methods for the recovery of oral A. actinomycetemcomitans samples from stimulated saliva and tongue may prove useful in clinical periodontology.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1991

Intrafamilial transmission of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.

Cross-sectional studies have shown that Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is a frequent member of the oral flora in children with primary teeth. The purpose of the present study was to obtain information of the transmission of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Three types of families were studied for the prevalence and serotype distribution of A. actinomycetemcomitans. First, families whose periodontally healthy child member harbored A. actinomycetemcomitans; second, families of periodontally healthy children who did not harbor A. actinomycetemcomitans; third, families whose adult member harbored A. actinomycetemcomitans and had been referred to treatment for severe periodontitis. As a whole the study included 23 families. All the family members were invited for the examination. The final study population consisted of 38 children and 32 adults. The results showed that when a child was positive for A. actinomycetemcomitans, either the mother or the father was also positive with one exception, whereas when the adult member harbored A. actinomycetemcomitans, the children were infected in only 2 of the 9 families. Using immunodiffusion technique it was found that the child always harbored the same serotype of A. actinomycetemcomitans as the parent. In conclusion, the results suggest the intrafamilial transmittance of A. actinomycetemcomitans.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1990

The long-term efficacy of systemic doxycycline medication in the treatment of localized juvenile periodontitis.

The presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in the deep periodontal pockets of patients with localized juvenile periodontitis has been causally associated with active periodontal destruction. Thus, eradication of this microorganism has become the goal of treatment. It has been postulated that such eradication cannot be achieved without systemic antimicrobial treatment. The efficacy of a semisynthetic tetracycline (doxycycline) in a double-blind follow-up study of 14 patients with localized juvenile periodontitis was evaluated. For assessment of the periodontal status, probing depth and bleeding after probing at 4 sites of all teeth were recorded. The treatment consisted of instruction in oral hygiene, scaling and root planing, periodontal surgery and systemic medication for 2 weeks with either doxycycline (Doximycin) or placebo. A. actinomycetemcomitans was cultivated from subgingival samples taken from 4 sites. The periodontal condition and the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans were monitored at the baseline and at 2, 8 and 20 months. The periodontal condition improved in both groups; the only significant difference was a greater reduction in the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans 8 months after treatment with doxycycline as compared with the placebo.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1990

The immediate efficacy of adjunctive doxycycline in treatment of localized juvenile periodontitis.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the immediate clinical and microbiological efficacy of doxycycline (100 mg for 14 days) was carried out to determine the benefit of adjunctive medication in 16 patients with localized juvenile periodontitis. Measurements of gingival fluid flow, probing depths, bleeding on probing and suppuration were determined at 2 periodontal sites with and 2 without radiographic attachment loss, at weeks 0, 1, 3 and 8. Subgingival bacterial samples were taken with curettes from the same sites. Spirochaetes were searched for by dark-field microscopy. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, pigmented and non-pigmented Bacteroides spp., Capnocytophaga, Fusobacterium and Actinomyces spp. were cultured on various selective and non-selective media. Bacterial species found at least in 50% of the patients and comprising on average 5% or more of the cultivable flora were included in the analysis. Neither short-term clinical nor microbiological efficacy beyond that of a course of mechanical debridement alone was found by using systemic medication with doxycycline in patients with localized juvenile periodontitis.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1989

Activity of amine-stannous fluoride combination and chlorhexidine against some aerobic and anaerobic oral bacteria.

The in vitro susceptibility of 128 bacterial strains was tested to amine fluoride-stannous fluoride (AmF + SnF) and chlorhexidine (CHX) solutions. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus mutans, and Bacteroides intermedius were among the species investigated. The 50% and 90% minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were assessed by an agar dilution method. The MIC ranges for A. actinomycetemcomitans were 2-32 micrograms/ml for CHX and 0.25-64 micrograms/ml for AmF + SnF. The respective values for S. mutans were 0.5-8 micrograms/ml (CHX) and 2-8 micrograms/ml (AmF + SnF); and 4-8 micrograms/ml (CHX) and 2-4 micrograms/ml (AmF + SnF) for B. intermedius. Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus were most resistant of the control strains (MIC 64 micrograms/ml to CHX and 32 micrograms/ml to AmF + SnF, respectively). Thus, both solutions tested exerted a definite inhibitory action on the dental plaque pathogens studied.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1988

Detection and distribution of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in the primary dentition.

The occurrence of actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) in plaque samples from the primary dentition was studied in 55 healthy Finnish children from four to seven years of age. A.a. was isolated in seven (13%) children, four boys and three girls. A further examination of the distribution and infection level of A.a. in the oral cavity of five of the A.a.-positive children revealed that A.a. was found in 26 of 45 plaque samples (7-10 samples from each child) and in all samples obtained from the dorsum of the tongue. The individual detection rates of A.a. were 3/7, 5/10, 6/10, 6/10 and 6/8 of the dental sites examined. A.a. occurred in 9/10 of the second primary molars, 8/10 of the first primary molars, 5/10 of the cuspids, 4/8 of the upper incisors and in none of the lower incisors examined. The proportions of A.a. within the dentition had a wide range. In 58% of the A.a.-positive samples, the proportions were less than 1%, and none exceeded 10% of the flora. Gingival bleeding after sampling with floss occurred more than twice as frequently in the A.a.-positive as in the A.a.-negative sites (16%/42%). The results indicate that A.a. was a rather frequent member of the oral flora in the children with primary teeth. The primary molars and the dorsum of the tongue seemed to be preferred sites for A.a. More than one site should be sampled to determine the infection level of A.a. within the dentition.

Actinobacillus↗