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Biomedical subjects

S Atwood

Publications and source records attributed to S Atwood.

6 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Causes of death during tuberculosis treatment in Tomsk Oblast, Russia.

SETTING: Tuberculosis (TB) incidence and mortality in Russia have risen dramatically over the past 15 years. OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors and causes of death among TB patients in Russia. DESIGN: A retrospective study conducted to determine the risk factors and causes of death in patients receiving TB therapy in Tomsk, Siberia. RESULTS: Of 1916 patients who initiated treatment between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2003, 183 (9.6%) died during treatment, 38 (21%) in the first week of therapy. Twenty-five per cent of deaths were not directly attributable to TB. Risk factors for death included older age, previous treatment for TB, multidrug resistance and alcoholism. CONCLUSIONS: The high death rate during TB treatment observed in this cohort likely reflects an increased risk of dying not only from TB, but also from comorbid conditions, such as alcoholism and cardiovascular disease. Overall, alcoholism and late presentation both contributed substantially to the mortality in this cohort.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of isoproterenol before and after artificial heart implantation.

Quantitation of peripheral vascular versus direct cardiac effects of isoproterenol (0.002 mg/kg) was attempted in a new pharmacologic animal model, the unanesthetized calf, before and after replacement of its natural heart with a pneumatically driven artificial heart (AH). Isoproterenol significantly increased (rho less then 0.01) cardiac output and pulmonary shunt and decreased aortic blood pressure before and after AH replacment. Elevation of cardiac output and pulmonary shunt was greater (rho less than 0.05) and depression of aortic pressure less (rho less than 0.05) before AH replacement than after. Isoproterenol did not change pulmonary artery (PA) or right atrial (RA) blood pressures before AH implantation but did reduce (rho less than 0.05) PA diastolic and mean pressures and increase mean RA pressures after. Systemic vascular resistance was significantly (rho less than 0.01) reduced by isoproterenol before and after AH implantation. Heart rate, 02 uptake, respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute volume were all markedly increased before AH implantation but unchanged after. These findings demonstrate that approximately half the increase in output and pulmonary shunt and all changes in 02 uptake and respiratory dynamics after administration of isoproterenol are related to cardiac effects of the drug. Our data also suggest that the unanesthetized bovine before and after AH replacement is a unique model for study of the differential pharmacology of drugs with respiratory, cardiac, and peripheral vascular effects.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A rapid assessment of breastfeeding status using current status data.

Probit analysis of current status epidemiological data was used to estimate breastfeeding rates using 3428 mother-baby pairs from randomly selected facilities in the city of Ibadan, Nigeria. The children whose ages range from 1 to 548 days were distributed over 13 age groups. The observed proportions of breastfeeding children (exclusive and ever-breastfed) in each group were transformed into probits, and a weighted linear regression of probits (y) on ages (x) was calculated using the maximum likelihood Iterative procedure. Prevalence rate for exclusive breastfeeding for Ibadan was 39.6 percent and over 99 percent of the children were ever-breastfed. Median duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 61 days, when half of the exclusively breast fed in the study population would have discontinued exclusive breastfeeding. Mean duration was 64.8 +/- 44.4 days. Nationwide efforts to promote exclusive breastfeeding started in 1992, but there remains a lot more that can be done to promote, support and protect the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in this community. Using this simple procedure, current status data, easily obtained from mothers can be used to rapidly assess breastfeeding practices in the community. This will go along way towards improving documentation of rates, thereby making planning easier.

Breast Feeding↗