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Biomedical subjects

S B Campbell

Publications and source records attributed to S B Campbell.

17 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Hard-to-manage preschool boys: family context and the stability of externalizing behavior.

Preschool boys identified by their teachers as active, inattentive, and impulsive (N = 42) were compared with matched classroom controls (N = 43) and with parent-identified problem boys (N = 27) on measures of family functioning often associated with children's problem behaviors, including family history of psychopathology, stressful life events, and family composition. Teacher-identified and parent-identified problem boys did not differ on measures of family adversity, and both groups came from less well functioning families than comparison boys. Mothers of problem boys, regardless of referral source, were more negative and controlling toward their sons when observed in a compliance task. Children's problem behaviors were moderately stable over a one-year follow-up period; initial symptom levels, maternal self-reported depression, and negative maternal control predicted follow-up ratings of externalizing problems.

Child Behavior Disorders↗
PubMed1991

Prevalence and correlates of postpartum depression in first-time mothers.

The prevalence and correlates of postpartum depression were examined in a large (N = 1,033) sample of married, primiparous, middle-class mothers of full-term, healthy infants; 9.3% met modified Research Diagnostic Criteria for depression. However, 39% of the nondepressed women also reported at least 1 somatic symptom. Depressed women whose symptoms were current obtained elevated scores on the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale, as did some women who did not meet depression criteria. Depressed women different from nondepressed women on several socioeconomic status indicators and the occurrence of obstetric complications, even in this low-risk sample. These data have implications for the assessment of depression in postpartum women.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Follow-up of hard-to-manage preschoolers: adjustment at age 9 and predictors of continuing symptoms.

Hard-to-manage preschoolers and controls, studied initially at age 3 and followed up at school entry, were followed up again at age 9. Maternal interviews indicated that 67% of the hard-to-manage preschoolers who showed clinically significant problems at age 6 met DSM-III criteria for an externalizing disorder at age 9. Maternal and teacher ratings confirmed the diagnostic data. Hard-to-manage youngsters who had improved by age 6 did not differ from comparison children on maternal or teacher reports. Regression analyses indicated that earlier child behavior, maternal behavior, symptom ratings, and ongoing family stress predicted current symptoms of disorder.

Aggression↗
PubMed1987

Parent-referred problem three-year-olds: developmental changes in symptoms.

Parent-referred problem three-yr-olds whose externalizing problems had improved by age six were compared with children whose problems persisted and with controls on symptom ratings obtained from mothers at ages three, four and six. Children who improved and those with persistent problems were initially rated high on overactivity, concentration difficulties and disobedience. Improved youngsters did not differ initially from controls on ratings of peer problems and other signs of antisocial behavior but children with persistent problems did. Groups also showed differential patterns of developmental change. The data suggest that both the nature and intensity of problems distinguish between children who do and do not outgrow their early difficulties.

Aggression↗
PubMed1986

Parent-identified problem preschoolers: mother-child interaction during play at intake and 1-year follow-up.

Parent-referred 2- and 3-year-olds and controls, participating in a longitudinal study of hyperactivity and related behavior problems, were observed with their mothers during play at an initial assessment and a 1-year follow-up. Mothers of problem children provided more redirection initially and made more negative control statements at follow-up than mothers of controls; problem youngsters tended to play more aggressively. Sex differences were prominent. Mothers of boys, regardless of referral status, were more directive at the initial assessment; their sons were less cooperative and somewhat more aggressive in their play. Maternal involvement in play decreased over time, possibly as a response to developmental changes in children's play. Group by time interactions indicated that mothers of control children provided fewer negative control statements at follow-up relative to mothers of problem children and to their own levels at the first assessment; mothers of problem youngsters redirected their children less than they had initially. Mothers of boys were also less directive at follow-up relative to their initial levels. Situational and developmental factors are discussed briefly.

Affect↗
PubMed1986

Correlates and predictors of hyperactivity and aggression: a longitudinal study of parent-referred problem preschoolers.

Forty-six parent-referred problem 3-year-olds and 22 comparison children were assessed with parent report and observational measures; 54 were followed up at age 4, and 53 were followed again at age 6. Lower social class and greater family stress were associated with higher symptom ratings at initial referral and age 6 follow-up. Negative and directive maternal behavior and negative and noncompliant child behavior observed in the lab at age 3 were associated with higher maternal ratings of child aggression and hyperactivity; these observed behaviors continued to be highly predictive of maternal ratings of persistent problems at ages 4 and 6. A laboratory index of inattention and overactivity at intake also predicted hyperactivity ratings at age 6. These findings suggest that externalizing problems identified in early childhood are likely to persist when they are associated with more family disruption and a negative mother-child relationship.

Aggression↗
PubMed1986

Parent-referred problem three-year-olds: follow-up at school entry.

Parent-referred three-year-olds with early signs of hyperactivity and other externalizing problems were followed up at age six and compared with controls. Half the children in the problem group continued to have adjustment difficulties at home, at school, and with peers; one-third met DSM-III criteria for Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). Maternal reports, teacher questionnaires, and observational measures discriminated between groups, but differences were accounted for only by youngsters showing persistent problems. Although laboratory measures obtained at age three did not differentiate improved children from those who continued to have problems, maternal ratings of initial symptom severity did.

Aggression↗
PubMed1979

Social perspective-taking and teacher ratings of peer interaction in hyperactive boys.

Hyperactive and matched control boys at two age levels were compared on teacher ratings of peer interaction and three measures of social perspective-taking. The teachers' ratings of peer interaction discriminated between the hyperactive children and their controls. In addition, a significant interaction effect indicated that teachers rated the older hyperactive group as more deviant with peers than both their younger hyperactive counterparts and their age-matched controls. In a structured laboratory setting, the hyperactive children did not differ from control children on the three measures of social perspective-taking. The perspective-taking measures did, however, show differences across age groups. Implications for treatment are examined.

Child↗
PubMed1979

Mother-infant interaction as a function of maternal ratings of temperament.

Mother-infant pairs (N = 38) were observed at home when infants were three months old; mothers also completed a questionnaire measure of infant temperament. Infants who were rated as irregular in biological functioning received somewhat less responsive mothering. A subgroup of infants rated as difficult, that is, extremely irregular, nonadaptable, and negative in mood, were then compared with matched controls; mothers interacted less and were less responsive to the social bids of infants they rated as difficult. This pattern of lowered maternal responsiveness was still in evidence at an eight-month follow-up observation, suggesting that negative perceptions of infant behavior can be persistent effects on the quality of caretaking.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Continuities in maternal reports and child behaviors over time in hyperactive and comparison groups.

Maternal reports, observations of nursery and elementary school behavior, and teacher ratings of problems were available for hyperactive and control children who had participated in a longitudinal study. This paper examines consistencies in maternal reports and child behaviors over time, and their relationship to teacher ratings in elementary school. Maternal reports of infant sleep difficulties were related to maternal ratings of hyperactivity at 4 1/2 and 6 1/2 years. Maternal ratings of activity at 4 1/2 were predictive of 6 1/2-year ratings of hyperactivity and conduct problems. In addition, behavior in a research nursery at 4 1/2 predicted teacher ratings of problems and classroom behavior in grade two. Hyperactive preschoolers who left the table most during structured activities were more often out-of-seat and off-task in school. Controls who were more aggressive in the nursery were more disruptive in the classroom. These data indicate continuities in both maternal reports and child behaviors.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Postpartum depression and postpartum adaptation: overlapping constructs?

In order to examine the course of normal postpartum adjustment compared to the symptomatology of postpartum depression, 25 postpartum women who met Research Diagnostic Criteria for either major or minor depression were compared to 24 non-depressed postpartum women. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to all subjects. Results suggest that sleep disturbances and loss of sexual interest are common concomitants of normal postpartum adjustment. A discriminant function analysis indicated that the cognitive-affective symptoms of loss of energy, guilt, difficulties in concentration, and loss of interest in usual activities discriminated between depressed and non-depressed women most efficiently. Finally, there was a lack of concordance between the BDI and the SADS interviews, which suggests that the BDI may not be an appropriate instrument for diagnosing depression in a postpartum sample.

Adaptation, Psychological↗