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Biomedical subjects

S B Holmes

Publications and source records attributed to S B Holmes.

18 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Comparison of forest soil microcosm and acute toxicity studies for determining effects of fenitrothion on earthworms.

The effects of the organophosphate pesticide fenitrothion on Eisenia fetida Savigny and Dendrobaena octaedra Savigny were studied using the OECD acute toxicity test and microcosms containing forest organic matter. In the acute toxicity study, both species were relatively susceptible to fenitrothion, although D. octaedra (LC50 = 393.9 ml/cm2) was approximately eight times more sensitive than E. fetida (LC50 = 54.1 ml/cm2). E. fetida was unable to utilize oak/maple litter for growth, and attempts to use this species in microcosms were abandoned. In microcosm studies, reproduction of D. octaedra was affected at the expected environmental concentration (EEC), whereas growth and maturation rates did not decrease until 100x the EEC was used. Even at 100x EEC, a significant effect on survival of D. octaedra in microcosms was not demonstrated. The use of microcosm studies to provide insight into possible ecological effects of pesticides is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Attitudes about autopsy: implications for educational interventions.

Although the role of autopsy in confirming diagnoses and advancing research is well documented, family members are inadequately informed about the procedure. The present study examined attitudes about autopsy among older adults. Focus group interviews were conducted with members of three caregiver support groups and two senior centers. Predominant themes included: benefits, barriers, religious views, and concerns about procedures. Results suggest the need to design educational interventions to: (a) involve family members in advance planning; (b) provide counseling regarding the purpose, process, and procedures of autopsy; and (c) facilitate communication skills and awareness of local autopsy services and policies among physicians.

Autopsy↗
PubMed1994

Effects of lethal and sublethal concentrations of the herbicide, triclopyr butoxyethyl ester, in the diet of zebra finches.

Lethal and sublethal effects of dietary triclopyr butoxyethyl ester (TBEE) on zebra finches (Poephila guttata Gould) were determined in laboratory experiments conducted between 8 January and 1 May 1991. The 8-day median lethal dietary concentration, LC50 (95% confidence interval), of TBEE to zebra finches was 1,923 (1,627 to 2,277) mg/kg. In the sublethal effects experiment, when birds were exposed to 500 mg/kg TBEE in the diet for 29 days, food consumption and body weight were significantly depressed (P < 0.05). Similar prolonged exposures to 50 and 150 mg/kg TBEE in the diet had no significant effect on food consumption or body weight (P > 0.05). Perch-hopping activity was depressed relative to controls in the 500 mg/kg group, and elevated in the 150 mg/kg group, but neither of these differences was significantly (P > 0.05). Disappearance of TBEE residues from treated seeds over the 29 day experimental period followed an exponential decay model, with half-lives in the order of 15 to 18 days. On the basis of our observation that TBEE had no significant adverse effects at a concentration greater than the maximum expected environmental concentration, we propose that forestry applications of triclopyr at registered dosage rates pose little risk to wild songbirds.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Increasing coordination of the dementia service delivery network: planning for the Community Outreach Education Program.

Dementia is an emerging public health concern because of its prevalence and the cost and extent of care typically needed for people with cognitive disorders. When family members seek assistance in providing care, they frequently encounter a fragmented service delivery network. To increase the coordination of services for people with dementia, the Community Outreach Education Program (COEP) has been designed to provide educational interventions to disseminate information about the diagnosis, assessment, management, and treatment of dementia to health care professionals, service providers, staff of volunteer and community organizations, and family members. This article describes plans for the COEP within the context of a community development perspective.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Pathologists' participation in postmortem examinations for patients with dementia.

Pathologists (n = 571) in Michigan were surveyed to examine the problem of limited access to autopsy experienced by families of patients with dementia and to assist with the implementation of the Michigan Dementia Program. The survey determined the extent to which pathologists performed autopsies for patients with dementia and/or were willing to do so as part of a statewide Postmortem Examination Program. Responses from 394 pathologists (69%) indicated that 49% were willing to perform brain removal and 44% were interested in learning more about the statewide program. The survey results were used to recruit pathologists, to identify potential problems, and to provide baseline data against which to measure the effects of a fully implemented program.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1993

Services for persons with dementia and their families: a survey of information and referral agencies in Michigan.

In planning a statewide Dementia Program, Michigan agencies (N = 244) providing geriatric information and referral (I&R) were surveyed to determine service availability, families' needs, and problems providing I&R for persons with dementia and their families. Home-delivered meals, nursing and social work assessments were considered more available. Medical assessment, however, was considered "very available" by only 60%. Respite and adult day care were least available and most needed. Least was known about autopsy and financial services. For several services, non-urban areas reported less availability than urban areas. With additional information and training, existing agencies could provide more available and extensive I&R for persons with dementia and their families, forming a statewide network.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1992

An interlaboratory comparison of data on brain cholinesterase activity in forest songbirds exposed to aerial application of Zectran.

Zectran (4-dimethylamino-3,5-xylyl N-methyl-carbamate), a carbamate insecticide (active ingredient [AI] mexacarbate), was aerially applied to two 300 ha plots of coniferous forest at dosage rates of 70 and 140 g AI/ha, respectively. The brains of 288 birds collected from the treated areas and 84 birds from untreated areas were sagittally sectioned into approximately equal halves. Each of the laboratories participating in the study, the Forest Pest Management Institute (FPMI) and the Canadian Wildlife Service, Atlantic Region (CWS), assayed one half of each brain for cholinesterase (ChE) activity and the results were compared. The ChE estimates of the two laboratories on half brains from the same birds were poorly correlated (R = 0.136, P less than 0.05) and differed significantly (P less than 0.00005). The reasons for this are uncertain. Despite the discrepancy in ChE estimates, however, separate statistical analysis of each data set produced the same general conclusion: the ChE response to Zectran exposure was statistically significant but biologically unimportant. In both data sets, statistically significant ChE responses by niche and time since spraying were found. The dosage rate emitted from the airplane was a better predictor of ChE activity in the canopy niches than was volume deposited at ground level, but volume deposited was a more useful predictor for ground birds in most situations. These results are discussed in the context of a proposal to develop a reference file of normal brain ChE activities of common wildlife species.

Acetylthiocholine↗
PubMed1992

Effects of the herbicides hexazinone and triclopyr ester on aquatic insects.

Experiments were conducted to measure acute lethal response of aquatic insects to hexazinone (Velpar L) and triclopyr ester (Garlon 4) in flow-through laboratory bioassays, and to determine lethal and behavioral effects of these herbicides on insects in outdoor stream channels. No significant mortality (chi 2 P greater than 0.05) occurred in 13 test species exposed to hexazinone in laboratory flow-through bioassays (1-hr exposure, 48-hr observation) at the maximum test concentration of 80 mg/liter. The survival of insects exposed to 80 mg/liter hexazinone in outdoor stream channels was likewise unaffected. Significant drift (chi 2 P less than 0.001) of Isonychia sp. occurred during a hexazinone treatment of the stream channels, but only at the maximum concentration of 80 mg/liter, and survival of the displaced Isonychia sp. was not affected. In flow-through bioassays with triclopyr ester, 10 of 12 test species showed no significant mortality at concentrations greater than 80 mg/liter. Survival of Isogenoides sp. and Dolophilodes distinctus was significantly affected at less than 80 mg/liter. Lethal concentrations were estimated by probit analysis of concentration-response data (1-hr exposure, 48-hr observation) for Simulium sp. (LC50 = 303 mg/liter), Isogenoides sp. (LC50 = 61.7 mg/liter), and D. distinctus (LC50 = 0.6 mg/liter). Triclopyr ester applications to the stream channels resulted in significant drift and mortality of D. distinctus at 3.2 mg/liter (no effects at 0.32 mg/liter), Isogenoides sp. at 32 mg/liter, and Hydropsyche sp. and Epeorus vitrea at 320 mg/liter. The risk to aquatic insects of these herbicides used in forest vegetation management is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of the organophosphorus pesticide fenitrothion on behavior and reproduction in zebra finches.

Activity was significantly altered in zebra finch pairs orally dosed with fenitrothion insecticide at rates of 1.04 and 3.80 mg/kg. Both the level and the dirunal pattern of activity were affected. Recovery of normal activity required 1-2 days, depending on the dosage administered. Fenitrothion had only a slight effect on reproduction when parents were dosed at the egg-laying stage of the breeding cycle. The implications of these results for the interpretation of field monitoring studies are discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1982

The lethal toxicity of Matacil 1.8 F to rainbow trout and its in vivo metabolism.

Fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) were used to determine the lethal toxicity of Matacil 1.8 F and Matacil 1.8 D ready-to-use formulations. The 96-h LC50s were 21.3 mg/l for water-based Matacil 1.8 F; 19.1 mg/l for oil-based Matacil 1.8 F; and 0.36 mg/l for Matacil 1.8 D. Aminocarb (4-dimethylamino-m-tolyl N-methylcarbamate) and MA (4-methylamino-m-tolyl N-methylcarbamate) were detected in fish tissue 96 h after exposure. More than 50% of the total residue (Aminocarb + MA) were the parent compound. The bioaccumulation ratio ranged from 1.70 to 3.32 at different concentrations of aminocarb. Both aminocarb and MA were rapidly eliminated after the fish had been transferred to clean water; the total residue declined by more than 90% in 72 h and became non-detectable in 96 h.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Systemic lupus erythematosus: medical and nursing treatments.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multisystem autoimmune disease that may affect skin, joints, mucous membranes, heart, lungs, kidneys, nervous system and all the blood cell lines. Although its cause is unknown, abnormal immune function results in the formation of antibodies directed against various components of the human body (autoantibodies). Treatment depends of the severity of the illness and may include nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents for arthritis; antimalarial therapy for skin disease and other mild lupus manifestations; and corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents including azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate for more severe lupus manifestations. Persons affected by lupus and their families need help in understanding the condition and require support as they deal with fear, depression, and possible disability. Implications for nursing are varied and include patient/family education about medication, joint protection principles, energy conservation, pain and stress management, and coping techniques.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of a nursing automated documentation system.

As hospital length of stay has decreased and patient acuity has increased, the nurse is confronted daily with the challenge of managing time between patient care and documentation. Documentation of care has consistently been a time-consuming and frustrating part of nursing practice. The nursing shortage has only compounded this problem. St. Joseph's Hospital has creatively begun to facilitate documentation by developing a Nursing Automated Documentation System (NADS) in collaboration with CliniCom, Inc. of Boulder, Colorado. This article documents the development and implementation of the system.

Documentation↗