The frequency of C5 + cholinesterase in the normal Japanese population.
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Cholinesterases↗
Biomedical subjects
S Baba
Publications and source records attributed to S Baba.
[Effect of islet activating protein on somatostatin-induced inhibition of cellular cyclic AMP content in isolated rat pancreatic acini].
Our previous study concerning guanine nucleotides regulation of labeled somatostatin binding has suggested that somatostatin receptors on pancreatic acinar cell membranes probably couple with the inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein (Ni). In order to clarify the possible role of Ni in mediating signal transduction of somatostatin in the pancreas, we further examined the effect of pretreatment with islet activating protein (IAP) on the inhibition of VIP-stimulated cellular cyclic AMP content by somatostatin in isolated rat pancreatic acini. Increasing concentrations of somatostatin decreased VIP-stimulated cellular content of cyclic AMP in the acini, with a maximal inhibition at 10(-8) M somatostatin. When pancreatic acini were pretreated with varying concentrations of IAP for 4 hours, the somatostatin-induced inhibition of cyclic AMP content was attenuated in a dose dependent manner by IAP pretreatment. Incubation of pancreatic acinar membrane with preactivated IAP and [32P] NAD resulted in labeling of a Mr = 41,000 protein band, consistent with alpha-subunit of Ni in many other cell types previously reported. On the other hand, a Mr = 41,000 protein band on SDS gel was reduced in a dose dependent fashion by IAP pretreatment, when acini were pretreated with increasing concentrations of IAP. These results suggest that only the Mr = 41,000 protein is a specific substrate in pancreatic acinar membranes for IAP-induced ADP-ribosylation. Furthermore, the reduction of 32P incorporation to Mr = 41,000 protein by IAP pretreatment occurred in parallel to decreases in somatostatin-induced inhibition of cellular cyclic AMP contents in pancreatic acini.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Immunohistochemical localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the rat pituitary gland and related hypothalamic regions.
The distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) containing neurons in the rat pituitary gland and related hypothalamic areas was immunohistochemically investigated using antibodies raised against GABA conjugated to bovine serum albumin by glutaraldehyde. A dense network of GABA-like immunoreactive fine varicose nerve fibers was observed within the posterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland, surrounding endocrine cells and capillaries, but not in the anterior lobe. In the pituitary stalk, the dense varicose fibers ran along the anterior wall of the posterior lobe into the posterior and intermediate lobes. A small number of GABA-like immunoreactive cell bodies were evident in the intermediate lobe. GABA-like immunoreactive fibers occurred at low to high density in most parts of the hypothalamus. GABA-like immunoreactive neurons were observed in some regions related to the pituitary gland (such as periventricular nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus and accessory magnocellular nucleus). These results provide morphological evidence for the presence of GABAergic neurons in the rat hypothalamo-pituitary system.
Animals↗
Involvement of Ca2+ influx in F(-)-stimulated pepsinogen release from guinea pig gastric chief cells.
In isolated guinea pig gastric chief cells, pepsinogen release was stimulated by NaF in a dose-dependent manner. Cholecystokinin (CCK) and Ca2+ ionophore A23187 had no additional effect on NaF-stimulated pepsinogen release. CCK caused a rapid increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) monitored by Quin-2 and markedly stimulated inositol phosphate accumulation in chief cells. By contrast, NaF did not cause any change in [Ca2+]i. NaF, even at a maximal concentration for pepsinogen release, appeared to be relatively ineffective on inositol phosphate accumulation. On the other hand, NaF markedly stimulated Ca2+ influx into chief cells. These results suggest that F- stimulates pepsinogen release probably by increasing Ca2+ influx into chief cells. Since F- is a well known activator of guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins (G proteins), it is proposed that there may exist a G protein regulating the opening of Ca2+ channel in gastric chief cells.
Animals↗
Simultaneous determination of imipramine, desipramine and their deuterium-labelled analogues in biological fluids by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
A specific, sensitive and accurate method for the determination of imipramine, desipramine and their d4 analogues in biological fluids using d8 analogues as internal standards using capillary gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry was developed. Drug concentrations were measured by selected-ion monitoring of the quasi-molecular ions of imipramine and the trifluoro-acetyl derivative of desipramine. The coefficient of variation and relative error at a concentration of about 2 ng/ml in plasma were found less than 10% and 7%, respectively, for both drugs. No isotope effect was observed following the oral administration of an equimolar mixture of imipramine and [2H4]imipramine to a rat.
Animals↗
Morphological study of nervous system in Vacor-induced diabetic rats.
Patients with Vacor diabetes mellitus frequently developed diabetic ketoacidosis and neuropathy in the early stage of the disease; however, the mechanism of the development of diabetes and its neurologic complications is not known. In this study, oral administration of 100 mg Vacor/kg of body weight was used in Wistar male rats. The rats were sacrificed 6 h after administration to avoid natural expiration. Light microscopy revealed focal hemorrhage and edematous change in the periventricular area of the brain, scattered hemorrhage in the posterior and anterior horns, spongy degeneration and demyelinization in th fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus of the white matter, early degenerative changes in the sciatic nerve, and no change of the vagus. Electron microscopy showed necrosis of the axon, myelin sheaths and glia cells in the spinal cord, while the organelles of the peripheral nerves were unchanged. These findings indicate that Vacor produces various neurotoxicities in the acute toxic phase.
Animals↗
Non-frozen cold storage is favorable for islet function and morphology.
Freezing has been shown to damage pancreatic islets and to disrupt their insulin release, probably because of intracellular ice formation. We compared frozen islets with fresh ones and with others stored at temperatures above freezing from a standpoint of insulin release response to glucose and transplantation. Group A islets, isolated from rats and immersed in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide in RPMI 1640, were stored at -2 degrees C, and group B islets at -196 degrees C, for 7 days. As for group B, the islets were cooled at 1 degree C/min from room temperature to -40 degrees C, subsequently at 3 degrees C/min to -80 degrees C and then put into liquid nitrogen to be rapidly frozen to -196 degrees C. The control islets were fresh. In vitro, basal release at 3.3 mM glucose was similar in group A to that in the controls, but was higher in group B than group A. Stimulated release against 16.7 mM glucose was lower in group A than group B. However, insulin responsiveness, i.e., the ratio of insulin release at 16.7 mM glucose to that at 3.3 mM glucose, was lost in group B. Freezing also caused damage to the group B cells visible under the light and electron microscopes, while group A islets were largely intact. In vivo, after 600 islets were transplanted into streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, group A was better able to lower fasting blood glucose than was group B, and remained so for 4 weeks. Above sub-zero preservation in the non-frozen state thus seems adequate for the short-term storage for 7 days.
Animals↗
Re: absence of ICA in malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus.
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Diabetes Mellitus↗
Possible involvement of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells.
Growth of 3T3-L1 cells was inhibited by 10(-10)-10(-7)M of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 [1 alpha,25(OH)2D3] in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The potency of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 in inducing differentiation was low, since 3T3-L1 cells cultured with 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 did not become mature adipocyte-like cells but were changed to slightly rounded cells containing small droplet-like substances in the cytoplasm and glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (sn-glycerol-3-phosphate: NAD+2-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.8), the marker enzyme of differentiation to adipocyte, did not increase. These results together with the natural occurrence of this vitamin indicate that 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 may play an important role in the cell growth and differentiation besides such known action as intestinal calcium transport and bone mineral mobilization.
Animals↗
Peptide YY receptors in the brain.
Radiolabelled ligand binding studies demonstrated that specific receptors for peptide YY are present in the porcine as well as the canine brains. Peptide YY was bound to brain tissue membranes via high-affinity (dissociation constant, 1.39 X 10(-10)M) and low-affinity (dissociation constant, 3.72 X 10(-8)M) components. The binding sites showed a high specificity for peptide YY and neuropeptide Y, but not for pancreatic polypeptide or structurally unrelated peptides. The specific activity of peptide YY binding was highest in the hippocampus, followed by the pituitary gland, the hypothalamus, and the amygdala of the porcine brain, this pattern being similarly observed in the canine brain. The results suggest that peptide YY and neuropeptide Y may regulate the function of these regions of the brain through interaction with a common receptor site.
Amygdala↗
Pharmacokinetic studies of testosterone propionate using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/selected ion monitoring.
A sensitive and accurate method for the quantitative estimation of testosterone propionate in human plasma was developed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/selected ion monitoring. The method employing stable isotopically labelled testosterone propionate as tracer was employed to follow the time course of plasma testosterone propionate and its active metabolite testosterone in normal men. Intramuscularly administered (19,19,19-2H3)testosterone propionate was readily transferred from the injection site to systemic circulation. Plasma (19,19,19-2H3)testosterone levels were maintained above the physiological testosterone level for 48 h, while plasma levels of endogenous testosterone changed little.
Adult↗
Transient coappearance of glucagon and insulin in the progenitor cells of the rat pancreatic islets.
Ontogenetic appearances of glucagon, insulin and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were immunohistochemically investigated on developing pancreatic islets of rats. Glucagon immunoreactivity appeared first in some epithelial cells (g-cells) of the dorsal anlage of the pancreas on day 11.5 of gestation. On day 12.5, g-cells increased in number manufacturing the primitive islets, in which some cells appeared to be immunoreactive for insulin (i-cells) and about 40% of g-cells indicated also a slight immunoreactivity for insulin (g/i-cells). Afterwards, all the islet cells, especially g-cells, increased in number, and almost half of g-cells were g/i-cells. After day 16.5 of gestation, numerical increase of the cells with insulin immunoreactivity exceeded that of the cells with glucagon immunoreactivity, and about one fifth of g-cells were g/i-cells. After 20.5 days, however, no g/i cells were found. On day 16.5 of gestation, the immunoreactivity for TH appeared in occasional cells of the islets, but the cells did not show immunoreactivity for glucagon or insulin. It is concluded that the progenitor cells of the pancreatic islets appear to synthesize both glucagon and insulin by day 20.5 of gestation, but differentiate giving rise to mature A and B cells of adult islets afterward.
Animals↗
Effect of diabetes mellitus on pancreatic exocrine secretion from isolated perfused pancreas in rats.
We studied pancreatic exocrine function in response to cerulein and carbamylcholine in isolated perfused pancreas obtained from control, streptozotocin-induced diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic rats. The time course of pancreatic juice, protein, amylase, and trypsinogen secretion in response to cerulein or carbamylcholine in diabetic rats was similar to that in control rats. Basal as well as cerulein- or carbamylcholine-stimulated output of amylase from diabetic rat pancreas was significantly reduced, whereas that of trypsinogen was similar to the control. Amylase and trypsinogen outputs in response to 620 pM (1.0 ng/ml) cerulein from insulin-treated diabetic rat pancreas were significantly lower than those from control rat pancreas, although the pancreatic contents of these enzymes were similar to or greater than those in control rats. The dose-response curves of pancreatic juice, protein, amylase, and trypsinogen for cerulein and carbamylcholine were biphasic in both control and diabetic rats. The minimal and the maximal release in response to cerulein occurred with higher concentrations in diabetic rats compared with control rats. In contrast, the maximal responses were obtained with 1 microM carbamylcholine in control rats and with 0.1-1 microM carbamylcholine in diabetic rats. The present study demonstrates that the concentration of cerulein required to elicit maximal response was increased, whereas that to carbamylcholine was reduced in diabetic rat pancreas, and that the protein and enzyme outputs in response to cerulein were significantly reduced in insulin-treated diabetic rat pancreas despite restoration of the pancreatic enzyme contents to control levels.
Animals↗
A familial study of C5+cholinesterase and its frequency in the normal population.
A case of familial hypercholinesterasemia was presented. A cholinesterase isoenzyme study revealed the extra C5 band nearer to the cathode than C4 on the gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 6 out of 8 subjects in the family. No significant difference in the effect of inhibitors and activator was found when compared with the normal control. We investigated the frequency of variant with C5+cholinesterase in normal healthy subjects. The frequency of the extra C5 band found in the normal healthy population in Japan was 1.2%. It was considered to be clinically useful for differential diagnosis of patients with elevated serum cholinesterase to find subjects with familial hypercholinesterasemia.
Cholinesterases↗
Effect of CS-514 (pravastatin) on VLDL-triglyceride kinetics in rats.
The effect of CS-514 (pravastatin; Sankyo Co., Tokyo), a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, on triglyceride turnover, was studied in male Wistar rats. CS-514 (15 +/- 1 mg/day per rat) was administered as a 0.04% solution in drinking water for 14 days. Triglyceride and cholesterol in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and plasma triglyceride were reduced by treatment with CS-514. Plasma cholesterol level was not suppressed by CS-514. The CS-514 treated rats had a significantly suppressed triglyceride secretion rate (TgSR) during the fed state compared to control rats (0.85 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.07 +/- 0.3 mg/min, P less than 0.05). By contrast, CS-514 treatment did not suppress TgSR after an overnight fast. These data demonstrate that CS-514, an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis can suppress VLDL-triglyceride secretion in rats and that this effect can be modified by dietary manipulation.
Animals↗
Effects of CS-514 on plasma lipids and lipoprotein composition in hypercholesterolemic subjects.
The effect of CS-514 (eptastatin, Sankyo Co., Tokyo), a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, was investigated in 47 patients with hypercholesterolemia (WHO type IIa: 27, IIb: 20). Ten or 20 mg of CS-514 was administered daily for 3 months. In both types of patient, total cholesterol and phospholipid levels were significantly reduced by CS-514. The triglyceride, cholesterol and phospholipid content of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and the plasma levels of apolipoprotein B were also decreased in both groups. In contrast, total triglyceride, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglyceride and apolipoprotein C-II were decreased only in type IIb subjects. Also the levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and apolipoproteins A-I and A-II were increased by CS-514 in IIb but not in IIa patients. In both groups, no change occurred in either the cholesterol/triglyceride or phospholipid ratio in any lipoprotein fraction, nor in the ratio of HDL-cholesterol to apolipoprotein A-I or A-II, respectively. Therefore, CS-514 suppresses plasma levels of cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients without modifying lipoprotein composition. Moreover, this drug has different effects on the levels of plasma triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol of type IIa and IIb patients.
Adult↗
Pancreatic endocrine function in cirrhotic rats.
Pancreatic endocrine function in liver cirrhosis was examined in rats both in vivo and in vitro. Experimental liver cirrhosis was induced by subcutaneous injections of 50% carbon tetrachloride in a dose of 2 mL/kg body weight twice a week for 16 weeks. Control rats received a similar dose of olive oil during the same period. In cirrhotic rats, immunoreactive insulin contents in the pancreas were significantly lower, whereas immunoreactive glucagon contents were about threefold higher than those of control rats. In the first part of this study, insulin and glucagon concentrations in both jugular and portal venous blood at basal conditions and after oral glucose loading were simultaneously determined in vivo. Peripheral insulin levels, both before and after glucose loading, were higher, whereas portal insulin concentrations were lower in cirrhotic rats than in the control rats. In contrast, glucagon levels in both the peripheral and portal veins were significantly higher in cirrhotic rats than in control rats. In the second part, isolated perfused pancreata were prepared from cirrhotic and control rats to further characterize the endocrine function of cirrhotic rat pancreas. Insulin secretion in response to 16.7 mmol/L glucose and 100 pmol/L cholecystokinin-octapeptide both were 40% lower in cirrhotic rats than in controls. In contrast, there was no significant difference in arginine-stimulated insulin release between the two groups. However, glucagon secretion in response to 20 mmol/L arginine was 40% higher in cirrhotic rats. If sensitivity is defined as the hormone release proportional to the pancreatic contents, then A and B cells in the cirrhotic rats had normal sensitivity to both glucose and cholecystokinin-octapeptide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ammonia↗
Recent status of insulin treatment of Japanese NIDDM.
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Adult↗