PubMed HealthSearch

Biomedical subjects

S Barry

Publications and source records attributed to S Barry.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Waiting list management in general practice: a review of orthopaedic patients.

OBJECTIVE: To review all patients on a current general practice orthopaedic waiting list for outpatient appointments with regard to accuracy of the list, clinical priority, and need for further radiological investigation before hospital attendance. DESIGN: Record review by one general practitioner and a radiologist, and discussion with patients of management alternatives. SETTING: Six partner city centre urban fund-holding general practice, list size 8651 (29% low deprivation payment status). SUBJECTS: 116 adults on an orthopaedic waiting list. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: List accuracy (patient details and status on waiting list); clinical priority (severity of condition); further investigations (results of tests after radiological review). RESULTS: 32 patients (28%) were removed from the waiting list because of inaccuracies. 14 patients were considered to be high priority and referred to other hospitals by utilising waiting list initiative funds. Of these patients, five agreed to referral to another hospital (treatment completed on average within three months of rereferral), six did not wish to be rereferred, and two did not attend to discuss the offer and remained on the original waiting list. One prioritised patient had further radiological investigations, was reassured, and was taken off the waiting list. 10 patients had further investigations. These resulted in six patients being referred to other hospitals, three being taken off the waiting list, and one seeking private care. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic review of patients on an orthopaedic waiting list of one general practice, though time consuming, led to the identification of inaccuracies in the list and changes in management. Costs need further evaluation, but if the findings occur widely substantial benefits could be achieved for patients.

Adult

A role for epidermal growth factor in the morphological and functional maturation of the adrenal gland in the fetal rhesus monkey in vivo.

We determined the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and beta-methasone on the growth and development of the adrenal gland of the fetal rhesus monkey in vivo between 121-128 days of gestation. The adrenal to body weight ratio was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in EGF-treated fetuses (0.988 +/- 0.046 x 10(-3) g/g) and significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in beta-methasone-treated fetuses (0.401 +/- 0.056 x 10(-3) g/g) compared with that in control fetuses (0.689 +/- 0.050 x 10(-3) g/g). The increase in adrenal weight with EGF administration was due to hypertrophy of definitive zone cells of the adrenal cortex, whereas the reduction in adrenal weight after beta-methasone treatment was due to a decrease in the size of definitive and fetal zone cells of the adrenal cortex. By Western analysis, EGF treatment induced a significant (P < 0.05) 2.8-fold increase in the amount of protein for 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3 beta HSD) in the fetal adrenal. EGF also stimulated the induction of immunocytochemical staining for 3 beta HSD in transitional zone cells of the adrenal cortex. In contrast, beta-methasone resulted in 2.6-, 4.5-, and 6.6-fold significant decreases (P < 0.05) in the amount of protein for cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage, cytochrome P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase, and 3 beta HSD in the fetal adrenal. After beta-methasone treatment. 3 beta HSD staining was detected in some of the definitive zone cells, with no 3 beta HSD staining in the transitional zone. In conclusion, growth and functional differentiation of fetal primate adrenal gland can be accelerated prematurely by EGF and inhibited by glucocorticoid negative feedback.

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases

Comparison of the distinct effects of epidermal growth factor and betamethasone on the morphogenesis of the gas exchange region and differentiation of alveolar type II cells in lungs of fetal rhesus monkeys.

To compare the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and betamethasone on the morphogenesis of the gas exchange region and the differentiation of the alveolar type II cell during fetal lung development, fetal rhesus monkeys (78% gestation) were treated in utero with EGF (5.33 mg/kg total dose), beta-methasone (2.6 mg/kg total dose) or the carrier, saline (control), every other day for 7 days. EGF-treated monkeys had significantly increased body and adrenal weights. Betamethasone-treated monkeys had significantly decreased body and adrenal weights. Exogenous EGF reduced cytoplasmic glycogen and increased the cytoplasmic organelle and SP-A content within alveolar type II cells. In contrast, exogenous betamethasone did not alter alveolar type II cell cytodifferentiation. Neither EGF nor betamethasone treatment significantly altered the structure of the gas exchange region as shown by a lack of change from controls in alveolar airspace size or in the fraction of the gas exchange region that was potential airspace. We conclude that at clinically relevant doses, EGF greatly accelerates the maturation of alveolar type II cells, whereas betamethasone does not. Exogenous EGF may act directly on alveolar type II cells because these cells contain EGF receptor. Neither EGF nor betamethasone had dramatic effects on the morphogenesis of the gas exchange region.

Amniotic Fluid

Emergency department patients who leave without seeing a physician: the Toronto Hospital experience.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine why emergency department patients leave without being seen by a physician and whether they receive alternate medical care. DESIGN: A prospective, cross-sectional study of patients who left without being seen. Charts were reviewed for population demographics, presenting complaints, and clinical acuity rating. Follow-up was achieved within 6 weeks through mailed survey questionnaires and telephone interviews. SETTING: Two inner-city EDs of the Toronto Hospital, a quaternary care facility. PARTICIPANTS: All 423 patients who registered for care and left without being seen during a 16-week period from January to May 1991. RESULTS: Of 23,933 registered patients, 423 (1.4%) left without being seen. Follow-up was achieved on 39% of patients (165 of 423). Sixty-seven percent of those who left (284 of 423) had low acuity ratings. Of the 165 survey respondents, 107 (65%) left between 30 minutes and 2 hours after registration. The major reasons cited for leaving included prolonged waiting time (99 of 165, 60%), perceived difficulties with hospital staff (46 of 165, 28%), and pressing commitments elsewhere (45 of 165, 27%). Ninety-two percent (152 of 165) believed they should be evaluated by a physician within 1 hour of presentation. Forty-eight percent (80 of 165) sought further medical attention within 24 hours. Personal physicians (65 of 165, 39%) and other EDs (29 of 165, 18%) were the most common sources of further medical care. CONCLUSION: The majority of survey respondents had a low acuity rating and left because of prolonged waiting times. Most of these patients sought alternate medical care through their personal physician or other EDs.

Adolescent

A human interleukin 3 analog with increased biological and binding activities.

Human interleukin 3 (IL-3) variants generated by site-directed mutagenesis were analyzed in multiple biological and binding assays to identify residues critical for IL-3 activity. Two mutants carrying substitutions in the predicted hydrophilic region within the first alpha-helix, [Ala21,Leu22]IL-3 and [Ala21,Leu22,Ala25]IL-3 showed loss of biological activity and high-affinity binding. Mutants in a second predicted hydrophilic region, [Ala44,Leu45,Ala46]IL-3 and [Ala44,Ala46]IL-3, however, showed similar biological and binding activities to wild-type IL-3. Mutations in a C-terminal hydrophilic region that overlaps the fourth predicted alpha-helix led to either loss or gain of function. IL-3 analogs [Glu104,Asp105]-, [Leu108]-, [Asn108]-, [Thr108]-, and [Ala101,Leu108]IL-3 were less active than wild-type IL-3, whereas [Ala101]IL-3 and [Val116]IL-3 were 2- to 3-fold more potent. Significantly, the double mutant [Ala101,Val116]IL-3 exhibited a 15-fold greater potency than native IL-3. Receptor binding studies showed that [Ala101,Val116]IL-3 exhibited increased binding to the high- and low-affinity receptors of monocytes. These results show the generation of an IL-3 analog with increased biological and binding activities and support a model where the C terminus of IL-3 interacts with the alpha chain of the IL-3 receptor, making this region a useful focus for the development of more potent IL-3 agonists or antagonists.

Amino Acid Sequence

The desipramine-induced growth hormone response and the dexamethasone suppression test in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Ten patients with DSM-III-R obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) underwent the desipramine (DMI) growth hormone (GH) stimulation test as well as the dexamethasone suppression test (DST). The results were compared with the responses in a group of matched healthy controls. The GH response to DMI did not differ between patients and controls and 9 of 10 patients showed cortisol suppression in response to dexamethasone. The data suggest that neither alpha 2 adrenergic dysfunction nor DST non-suppression are features of primary OCD.

Adult

Serum thyrotropin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in alcohol-dependent patients with and without depression.

Forty-one patients with DSM-III alcohol dependence syndrome were studied, as were 30 patients with major depression and 20 healthy controls. Nineteen of the alcohol-dependent patients had depressive symptoms. All subjects underwent a TRH/TSH stimulation test. Fifty percent of the alcohol-dependent patients without depression had a blunted response, while 52% of patients with depression were similarly blunted. The overall rate of blunting in the non-alcoholic major depressives was 26%. Blunting in the alcoholics was not associated with a personal or family history of affective disorder. Furthermore the blunted response in recently detoxified alcoholics was of no prognostic significance.

Adult

Change in barbiturate anaesthetic sensitivity as a prognostic indicator of electroconvulsive therapy outcome.

Barbiturate anaesthesia is modulated by brain noradrenergic (NA) function. As derangement of NA pathways is postulated to occur in depression, changes in anaesthetic sensitivity measured as producing loss of eyelash reflex were monitored in 29 depressed patients throughout a course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Patients thus monitored were followed for 12 months after completing treatment. An increase in barbiturate induction dose over a course of ECT, indicating a decrease in anaesthetic sensitivity, was a powerful predictor of maintained wellbeing. All patients who increased their sensitivity to the anaesthetic either failed to respond to the course of ECT or relapsed within 12 months. The possible mechanism for this is discussed.

Anesthetics

Blunting of noradrenergic-stimulated growth hormone release in mania.

Seven drug-free patients with bipolar affective disorder, currently in a manic phase, underwent desipramine-induced growth hormone (GH) stimulation, as did seven healthy age- and sex-matched subjects. There was significant blunting of GH release in the manic patients, suggesting a down-regulation of alpha 2-noradrenergic responses. Blunting of GH release was not related to severity of symptoms, duration of illness, or age. Similar blunting has previously been described in depressed patients.

Adolescent

Design considerations of CareWindows, a Windows 3.0-based graphical front end to a Medical Information Management System using a pass-through-requester architecture.

The Care Windows development project demonstrated the feasibility of an approach designed to add the benefits of an event-driven, graphically-oriented user interface to an existing Medical Information Management System (MIMS) without overstepping economic and logistic constraints. The design solution selected for the Care Windows project incorporates three important design features: (1) the effective de-coupling of severs from requesters, permitting the use of an extensive pre-existing library of MIMS servers, (2) the off-loading of program control functions of the requesters to the workstation processor, reducing the load per transaction on central resources and permitting the use of object-oriented development environments available for microcomputers, (3) the selection of a low end, GUI-capable workstation consisting of a PC-compatible personal computer running Microsoft Windows 3.0, and (4) the development of a highly layered, modular workstation application, permitting the development of interchangeable modules to insure portability and adaptability.

Academic Medical Centers

A pilot study of a neuroendocrine test battery in posttraumatic stress disorder.

Eight female patients who fulfilled DSM-III criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) took part in this study. They were each assessed using the dexamethasone suppression test, the desipramine/growth hormone stimulation test, which examines alpha-2-adrenoceptor functioning, and the buspirone/prolactin test, which is thought to examine 5-HT receptor functioning. A control group consisting of age- and sex-matched healthy subjects was also tested. For each subject the three tests were conducted over 5 days. Hormone assays were carried out blind to diagnosis. Overall no differences on any of the three tests were detected between the patients and controls. The results do not support a link between PTSD and major depression.

Adult

Assessment of central noradrenergic functioning in irritable bowel syndrome using a neuroendocrine challenge test.

Desipramine, the monoamine reuptake inhibitor, acts predominantly on noradrenergic neurones, and via alpha-2 receptors brings about the release of growth hormone in normal healthy subjects. Thirteen patients with a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome, 10 normal controls and eight patients with peptic ulcer disease were each given a challenge test of desipramine 1 mg/kg body weight. Growth hormone release over a 3 h period was monitored. A blunted response was defined as a failure of growth hormone levels to rise at least 5 mU/l above baseline. Of the 13 patients with irritable bowel syndrome 11 showed such a blunting. The results suggest abnormal central alpha-2 receptor functioning in irritable bowel syndrome.

Adult

Neuroendocrine challenge tests in depression: a study of growth hormone, TRH and cortisol release.

Thirty drug-free patients fulfilling the DSM-III criteria for major depression serially underwent the dexamethasone suppression test (DST), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) test and a growth hormone (GH) challenge test with oral desipramine. Fifty-three per cent of the sample showed a blunted GH response, 47% were DST non-suppressors while 26% had a blunted TSH response. Eighty per cent of patients showed some biological abnormality. There was no clear association between any of these abnormalities. Neither was there any association between the neuroendocrine parameters studied and the severity of depression or patient gender. There was a trend for increasing GH blunting and DST non-suppression with increasing age.

Adult

Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor function in post-stroke depression.

The growth hormone (GH) response to desipramine was measured in ten patients meeting criteria for post-stroke depression (PSD), eight age-matched post-stroke (PS) non-depressed patients and eight healthy controls. Responses were significantly blunted in patients with PSD. These findings suggest diminished alpha-2 adrenoceptor function may be an important marker for PSD.

Aged

The reproducibility of the prolactin response to buspirone: relationship to the menstrual cycle.

Prolactin response to buspirone challenge was examined in eight normal healthy male and six healthy female volunteers. A significant increase in prolactin levels was noted around 90 min following oral administration of buspirone hydrochloride. When subjects were tested on two further occasions it was found that responses in males were consistently reproducible while responses in females varied throughout the menstrual cycle with maximum responses occurring premenstrually. It is postulated that increased sensitivity of the 5HT receptor premenstrually may explain the variability in females.

Adult

Platelet 5-HT uptake in post-stroke depression.

Serotonin (5-HT) uptake into platelets is reduced in functionally depressed patients. Depression following stroke (cerebrovascular accident; CVA) is common and severe. Sixteen patients who had suffered a CVA within 6 to 12 months and who were medication-free had blood taken for measurement of platelet 5-HT uptake. Seven of these patients were depressed. These were compared with age- and sex-matched hospital controls. No difference in platelet 5-HT uptake was found across these groups.

Aged