No simple answer.
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Ductus Arteriosus, Patent↗
Biomedical subjects
S Bateman
Publications and source records attributed to S Bateman.
Data management and expert systems for outpatient diabetes care--16 years experience with diabeta.
The continuing development and implementation of a computer-based diabetes register and management system are described. For 15 years the system has been used as a readily accessible source of clinical data, for letter generation, for prompting screening procedures and for clinical audit and research. Later developments include the incorporation of specialist "intelligence" for advising management of individual patients. This is intended for use by non-specialists to enable their greater participation in diabetes care. It is currently undergoing preliminary evaluation with a view to conducting clinical trials both in Hospital and in General Practice.
Data Collection↗
Ultrasound evaluation of amniotic fluid: outcome of pregnancies with severe oligohydramnios.
We studied a group of 247 patients out of 7725 patients who had an ultrasonic examination between 32 and 36 weeks gestation and were found to have oligohydramnios (amniotic fluid volume (AFV) less than or equal to 2.0 cm). We compared the features of labor and mode of delivery and perinatal outcome in this group with that of a normal control group of 247 patients who also had an ultrasonic examination between 32 and 36 weeks gestation and were found to have normal AFV (greater than 2.0 to less than 8.0 cm). The incidence of induction of labor, of elective cesarean section, of preterm delivery (less than 37 weeks' gestation) was significantly higher in the oligohydramnios group (study group) as compared with the incidence in the control group (P less than 0.05). The incidence of fetal distress in antenatal and intrapartum period, pH (less than or equal to 7.2), of low Apgar score (0-5), of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) (less than tenth centile) infants, of major fetal anomaly and perinatal mortality rate (PNMR) are significantly higher in the oligohydramnios group as compared with the incidence and PNMR in the normal control group (P less than 0.05). The ultrasonic finding of oligohydramnios should alert the clinician regarding the possibility of problems in labor and perinatal period.
Adult↗
The relationship of increased amniotic fluid volume to perinatal outcome.
We studied a group of 135 patients with polyhydramnios diagnosed on the basis of ultrasonic findings (greatest vertical diameter of the liquor column greater than or equal to 8.0 cm) between 32 and 36 weeks gestation (study group). We compared the obstetric characteristics and perinatal outcome of the study group with a similar number who constituted our control group. The incidence of women aged 20 years or less was higher in the study group (8.9%) compared with 4.5% in the control group. Of the 135 patients who were diagnosed to have polyhydramnios ultrasonically, the clinical diagnoses prior to referral for ultrasonic scanning, were, suspected large for date fetuses in 34 patients (25.2%), clinically suspected polyhydramnios in 28 (20.7%), gestational diabetes in 21 (15.6%) and insulin dependent diabetes in 6 (4.4%) compared with 13.3%, 5.2%, 3.0% and 0.7%, respectively in the control group (P less than 0.05). Preterm delivery occurred in 11.1% in the study group compared with the incidence of 6.7% in the control group. The incidence of fetal distress, low Apgar Score, macrosomic infants, major fetal anomalies, gross and corrected perinatal mortality rate and admission to special/intensive care nursery was significantly higher in the study group compared with that of the control (P less than 0.01). We found ultrasonic examination is a reliable technique to assess the amount of amniotic fluid volume and it alerts the clinician to possible future problems in pregnancy, labor and neonatal period.
Adult↗
Intravenous infusion of salbutamol in severe acute asthma.
Out of 62 asthmatic patients admitted to hospital with an acute exacerbation of their disease, those whose symptoms had not sufficiently improved 15 minutes after an initial intensive regimen were randomly allocated to receive an intravenous infusion of either salbutamol 10 microgram/min (20 patients) or aminophylline 1 mg/min (19 patients). During the infusions, which lasted 36 hours, peak expiratory flow rates and spirometric values improved in both groups, but differences between the groups did not achieve statistical significance. Although salbutamol may be infused safely for a prolonged period to patients with acute asthma, it has no particular advantage over aminophylline. Furthermore, in patients who respond poorly to initial intensive treatment the subsequent infusion of a bronchodilator may not increase the rate of recovery from the rate that would occur naturally.
Acute Disease↗
Splenic red cell pooling: a diagnostic feature in polycythaemia.
Total red cell volumes and splenic red cell pools were measured in 31 patients with polycythaemia. 22 had polycythaemia vera (PV), 12 of whom had clinically detectable splenomegaly, and nine patients had secondary polycythaemia (PS). The mean red cell pool was 192.8 ml (SD 126.6) in PV (all cases), and 130.9 ml (SD 28.4 ml) in PV without splenomegaly; it was 61.1 ml (SD 8.3 ml) in PS. When expressed relative to spleen size (in cm), differences were even more striking: PV (all cases)--mean 13.7 ml/cm (SD 4.3); PV without splenomegaly--mean 12.7 ml/cm (SD 2.2); PS--mean 6.6 ml/cm (SD 1.2). Measurement of splenic red cell pool thus appears to be a valuable diagnostic tool for distinguishing between PV and PS. The findings point to the presence in PV of a splenic structural abnormality which is not simply an effect of the increased circulating red cell mass.
Adult↗
An electron-microscopic study of the development of virulent and avirulent strains of Semliki forest virus in mouse brain.
Two strains of Semliki Forest Virus (SFV), the avirulent and virulent, were used to study the development of virus in both baby and adult mouse brain. The development of SFV in the brain was similar in baby and adult brain using the virulent strain and in the baby mouse brain using the avirulent strain. Mature virus could not be found in adult mouse brain using the avirulent strain. This paper shows that extracellular virus particles near the cell membrane stimulate the formation of coated vesicles and thus absorption of virus particles by the cell. It is suggested that these coated vesicles with contained virus particles are stimulated to develop nucleoid cores on their membrane forming cytopathic vacuoles, Type II (CPV-II). Excessive membrane growth takes place and the membrane of the CPV-II with the nucleoid cores invaginates to form intravacuolar tubules. It is suggested that these tubules become responsible fro the formation of mature virus particles. Thus the membrane of the CPV-II appears to be responsible for the development of both the inner core and outer coat of the virus.
Animals↗
Brain lysosomal glycosidase activity in mice during the immune response to an encephalitogenic virus infection.
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Acetylglucosaminidase↗
Motor activity changes in scrapie-affected mice.
Measurements of spontaneous motor activity using Animex equipment have been made throughout the incubation period in mice developing scrapie. A progressive fall in activity has been noted from an early stage in the disease process well before clinical signs of scrapie were evident. The initial fall was followed by an upsurge in activity at about the time when clinical signs of disease develop.
Animals↗
Application of Premack's generalization of reinforcement to modify occupational behavior in two severely retarded individuals.
Premack's generalization that a more probable response will reinforce a less probable one was applied to modify occupational behavior of two severly retarded individuals. When opportunity to work on a more preferred activity was made contingent upon spending some time on a less preferred activity, an increase in the amount of time spent on less preferred work occurred. As the reinforcement schedule was gradually reduced in terms of time allowed on more preferred work, time spent on the less preferred activity tended to increase. Behavior did not return to baseline levels on extinction, however. Possible reasons for these findings are outlined, together with the practical advantages of utilizing Premack's generalization as a reinforcement technique for motivating retarded individuals in rehabilitation settings.
Adult↗
A new method for monitoring subclinical virus infections of the central nervous system in mice.
The course of a subclinical virus infection of the central nervous system (CNS) of mice has been followed by measuring spontaneous motor activity using Animex equipment. A significant drop in activity occurred on the 5th and 6th day after inoculation with the A774 (avirulent) strain of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) before histological changes were apparent but at the same time as maximum brain virus titre. The relationship of the fall in activity to changes in the pattern of weight gain, food and water intake was also investigated.
Adenoviridae Infections↗