WHO consensus statement on the role of nutrition in colorectal cancer.
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Alcohol Drinking↗
Biomedical subjects
S Bingham
Publications and source records attributed to S Bingham.
The effects of season and alcohol intake on mineral metabolism in men.
We have examined the relationship between self-reported alcohol intake (SRAI), season and mineral metabolism in a series of 96 men aged 32 to 78 years of age. Alcohol intake was reported as between 0 and 50 oz/week. SRAI correlated positively with liver function tests, including serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and AST initially and at 6 months. In addition, SRAI correlated with serum calcium, testosterone, estradiol, and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) as well as urinary calcium [per 100 mg of creatinine (Cr)], and pyridinoline crosslinks (DPC) (per 100 mg of Cr). We have divided the participants into two groups on the basis of their reported alcohol intake. Individuals with none-to-moderate intake had <8.4 oz/week of ethanol. Those with moderate or heavier intake had 8.4 oz or more of ethanol/week. Individuals with none-to-moderate SRAI had a significant seasonal increase in iPTH, osteocalcin, urine DPC/100 mg of Cr and a decrease in distal forearm bone mineral density, 25 hydroxyvitamin D (250HD), and urinary calcium/100 mg of Cr. Individuals with moderate or heavier SRAI only had significant seasonal decrease in 250HD. We have concluded that alcohol intake decreases seasonal change in serum iPTH. The biological effects of such alterations in parathyroid hormone levels include decreased seasonal loss of bone mineral density.
Adult↗
EPIC-Norfolk: study design and characteristics of the cohort. European Prospective Investigation of Cancer.
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Aged↗
Review of uptake of interventions to reduce mother to child transmission of HIV by women aware of their HIV status.
OBJECTIVES: To examine the change in uptake of interventions to reduce transmission of HIV from mothers to infants from January 1994 to July 1997. DESIGN: Review of mother-infant pairs who presented for infant diagnosis of HIV infection. SETTING: Central London hospital with facilities for diagnosis of infant HIV infection. SUBJECTS: 57 consecutive mother-infant pairs, mainly from central London but also referred from surrounding hospitals. INTERVENTIONS: Data were collected on mother's country of origin; CD4 count at delivery; plasma HIV RNA copies/ml; mode of delivery; antiretroviral therapy; infant feeding; and HIV infection in infants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: HIV infection of infants. RESULTS: The vertical transmission rate was 12% (7 pairs; 95% confidence interval 3% to 22%). All mothers chose not to breast feed. The caesarean section rate was 53% (30/57). Antiretroviral therapy was taken by 68.5% (39/57) of mother-infant pairs. With antiretroviral therapy or caesarean section, or both, transmission occurred in 6% (0% to 13%) of pairs (3/50). During the 24 months of 1994 and 1995, 21% (4/19) of infants were infected with HIV; 7.9% (3/38) were infected over the 19 months January 1996 to July 1997. The caesarean section rate did not change over these periods. Use of antiretroviral therapy increased from 31.5% (6/19) to 86.8% (33/38) (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Women with a diagnosis of HIV infection acted to reduce the risk of transmission to their infants. Uptake of antiretroviral therapy increased significantly over time, and the caesarean section rate was persistently high.
Africa↗
Antihypertensive efficacy of treatment regimens used in Veterans Administration hypertension clinics. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents.
There is continuing uncertainty about whether morbidity and mortality of treated hypertensive patients depends on the drug(s) used to treat or only on the level of blood pressure achieved. This study was undertaken in a sample of special Veterans Administration hypertension clinics to determine which antihypertensive drugs were selected by the involved healthcare providers and how effective they were in achieving normotension. Hypertensive veterans (n = 6100) were followed in six VA Hypertension Screening and Treatment Program clinics for 46 months beginning in May 1989. Their average age was 60.7 years; 53% lived in the Stroke Belt; 46% had target organ damage, 36% were black, 23% smoked, and 10% had diabetes mellitus. Antihypertensive regimens were divided into 12 all-inclusive categories. Blood pressures were averaged at the last study visit for all patients on a regimen. The regimens of diuretic or diuretic plus beta-blocker gave the lowest average pressures (140.6/82.3 mm Hg) and calcium antagonist the highest (149.0/86.5 mm Hg). ANOVA indicated that differences between seven common regimens and also between the four single drug regimens were highly significant (P<.0001). This pattern of low treated pressure with the "old" agents and higher treated pressure with newer agents was reflected in the percentage of patients controlled below 140/90 mm Hg and the percentage uncontrolled above 159/94 mm Hg. Blacks and patients with target organ damage resembled the entire cohort in average treated diastolic blood pressure, but the former had lower and the latter had higher treated systolic blood pressure than the entire cohort.
Analysis of Variance↗
Effect of recent alcohol intake on parathyroid hormone and mineral metabolism in men.
The mechanisms by which alcohol intake, particularly moderate alcohol intake, effects bone metabolism are poorly defined. We have examined the relationship between mineral metabolism and recent self-reported alcohol intake (SRAI) across a wide range of such intakes in a series of 104 men aged 32 to 78 years of age in an outpatient setting. A morning nonfasting urine, serum specimen and recent SRAI were obtained from each subject. SRAI was reported as between 0 and 45 oz/week. SRAI correlated positively with liver function tests, including serum bilirubin (r = 0.30, p = 0.002), alkaline phosphatase (r = 0.30, p = 0.004), and aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT) (r = 0.29, p = 0.006). SRAI correlated with serum calcium corrected for albumin (r = -0.39, p < 0.001), estradiol (r = 0.43, p < 0.001), and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) (r = -0.51, p < 0.001), as well as urinary calcium (per 100 mg of creatinine) (r = 0.55, p < 0.001). We have arbitrarily divided the participants into two groups on the basis of their reported alcohol intake. Individuals in the first group had intakes ranging from none to moderate intake (drank 8.4 oz or less of ethanol per week, equivalent to an average of two drinks daily or less). Those in the second group had moderate or heavier intake, with >8.4 oz of ethanol intake/week. Mean serum iPTH was significantly greater in those in the first group (none to moderate), compared with the second group (moderate or heavier) (56.0 +/- 3.4 and 39.9 +/- 2.0 pM/liter, respectively). Calcium corrected for serum albumin was significantly greater in individuals in the first, compared with the second, group (9.23 +/- 0.05 vs. 8.88 +/- 0.07 mg/dl, respectively). In addition, urinary calcium (corrected per 100 mg of creatinine) was significantly lower in the former, compared with the latter (3.1 +/- 0.4 vs. 8.4 +/- 1.1 mg/100 mg of creatinine, respectively). Similarly, urinary excretion of collagen crosslinks (corrected per 100 mg of creatinine) was significantly less in men in the second group, compared with the first group (316 +/- 38 vs. 530 +/- 78 nM/100 mg of creatinine, respectively). Not surprisingly, a series of correlations between iPTH and age, 250-hydroxyvitamin D, and testosterone were significant in individuals with none to moderate SRAI, but not moderate or heavier SRAI. Significant independent predictors of serum iPTH in the entire group of men were age (beta = 0.215, p = 0.025), SRAI (beta = -0.281, p = 0.003), 250-hydroxyvitamin D (beta = -0.309, p = 0.002), and testosterone (beta = -184, p = 0.048). We have concluded that, in free-living men, alcohol intake >8.4 oz/week was associated with decreased serum iPTH concentrations.
Adult↗
Age related dietary exposure to meat products from British dietary surveys of teenagers and adults in the 1980s and 1990s.
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Adolescent↗
Meat, starch and non-starch polysaccharides, are epidemiological and experimental findings consistent with acquired genetic alterations in sporadic colorectal cancer?
International comparisons show strong inverse protective associations with starch, NSP (fibre, non-starch polysaccharides) and vegetable intakes, and positive associations with meat consumption in large bowel cancer. Estimates of relative risk from cohort investigations are in the same direction although generally weak, and red and processed meat, rather than white meat seem to be associated with elevated risk. A protective effect of starch and NSP probably arises from their marked effect on bacterial metabolism in the large bowel, which can be postulated to affect gene expression and DNA repair via increased butyrate production. Stool weight is also increased and pH reduced leading to alterations in secondary bile acid production, and mucosal cell proliferation. In rodent models, 'insoluble' sources of NSP are generally protective, although butyrate, resistant starch and soluble NSP may not reduce tumorigenesis. High levels of meat increase faecal ammonia and N-nitrosocompound (NOC) concentration. Some of the chromosomal mutations found in human colorectal cancer are consistent with effects of NOC and heterocyclic amines. More data are required from human experimental studies linking alterations in diet with known stages in carcinogenesis in the large bowel, and from large cohort studies which have collected biological samples in order that interaction between diet, biomarkers of diet, and different genotypes that may determine risk can be examined.
Animals↗
Specific mutation near the primary donor in photosystem I from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii alters the trapping time and spectroscopic properties of P700.
Time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to investigate the energy and electron transfer processes in the detergent-isolated photosystem I core particles from the site-directed mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with the histidine-656 of PsaB replaced by asparagine [HN(B656) mutation]. The specific mutation near the primary donor molecule results in a 40 mV increase in the P700/P700+ midpoint potential [Webber, A. N., Su Hui, Bingham, S. E., Kass, H., Krabben, L., Kuhn, M., Jordan, R., Schlodder, E., & Lubitz, W. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 12857-12863]. There is no indication that the HN(B656) mutation affects the spectral distribution of the antenna pigments. However, the lifetime of the trapping process measured independently by transient absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy in the mutant PSI core antenna is increased by a factor of approximately 2 (approximately 65 ps compared to approximately 30 ps in the wild-type PSI). This implies that the trapping process in the PSI antenna is limited by the process where the primary donor molecule directly participates. The HN(B656) mutation results in the appearance of a new bleaching band at 670 nm in the spectrum which is due to formation of P700+ upon photooxidation. The difference spectrum of the photoreduction of the possible primary acceptor, A0 in the mutant PSI is very similar to wild type, indicating that it is unaffected by the HN(B656) mutation. Possible mechanisms for slowing of the trapping process and the appearance of a new band in the P700 - P700+ difference spectrum of the HN(B656) PSI are discussed.
Animals↗
Selective and functional 5-hydroxytryptamine4 receptor antagonism by SB 207266.
1. The pharmacology of a novel 5-HT4 receptor antagonist, SB 207266 has been evaluated in vitro in the guinea-pig distal colon longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP) and in vivo in the dog Heidenhain pouch. 2. SB 207266 is a highly potent antagonist of 5-HT-evoked, cholinergically-mediated contractions in the guinea-pig distal colon. Low concentrations (0.1-10 nM) produced a parallel shift to the right of the concentration-effect curve (apparent pA2 10.6 +/- 0.1) with no significant effect on the maximum response. With higher concentrations of SB 207266 (30 nM and above) the maximum response to 5-HT was reduced. 3. The antagonism seen with SB 207266 cannot be attributed to a non-selective effect since high concentrations (1 microM) had no effect on cholinergically-mediated contractions evoked by the nicotinic receptor agonist DMPP in the same preparation. 4. SB 207266 is not an irreversible antagonist since the effects of the compound were reversible upon washing of the tissue. 5. In the dog Heidenhain pouch, oral (0.1-100 micrograms kg-1) and intravenous (0.1-100 micrograms kg-1) administration of SB 207266 produced a dose-dependent antagonism of the contractions evoked by a bolus intravenous injection of 5-HT. An ID50 for SB 207266 of 1.3 micrograms kg-1 was obtained following i.v. administration and 9.6 micrograms kg-1 following oral administration. 6. The antagonistic effects of SB 207266 (0.1-100 micrograms kg-1) in the dog Heidenhain pouch were long lasting since, following oral administration, the response to 5-HT was reduced for at least 135 min. 7. SB 207266 is a highly potent, highly selective and orally active 5-HT4 receptor antagonist. This compound is the first orally active amide to be identified in this class of antagonists and as such is an important new tool in the evaluation of 5-HT4 receptor function both in vitro and in vivo.
Animals↗
Vitamin c status and undiagnosed angina.
BACKGROUND: Vitamin C has been suggested to be protective for coronary heart disease but the evidence from epidemiological studies is inconclusive and most studies have been conducted in men. We examined the cross-sectional relationship between vitamin C status and previously undiagnosed angina in women. METHODS: Women aged 45-74 years were recruited from general practices. They completed a health and lifestyle questionnaire and attended for a health check and a blood test. Non-fasting plasma vitamin C was used to define vitamin status and a self-completed Rose angina questionnaire was used to identify cases. RESULTS: Forty-two women with previously undiagnosed angina (cases) were compared with 877 women with no reported angina (controls). The mean plasma vitamin C was 50.2 mumol/l in cases and 58.3 mumol/l in controls. The age-adjusted odds ratio for a 50 mumol/l increase in plasma vitamin C was 0.34 (95% confidence interval 0.15-0.79). The odds ratio was unaltered after adjustment for body mass index, smoking and established coronary risk factors, and after stratification by smoking, vitamin supplementation and hormone replacement. CONCLUSIONS: This cross-sectional analysis showed an association in women between lower plasma levels of vitamin C and previously undiagnosed angina. Although we are unable to exclude the possibility that symptomatic prevalent disease modifies plasma vitamin C levels, these data are consistent with a protective effect of vitamin C for coronary heart disease. This relationship requires confirmation in further prospective studies and trials of vitamin C supplementation.
Aged↗
Vitamin C status and blood pressure.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the cross-sectional relationship between blood pressure and plasma vitamin C. DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis. SETTING: A population-based study. SUBJECTS: The subjects were 835 men and 1025 women aged 45-75 years registered with general practices in Norfolk. INTERVENTIONS: Completion of health and lifestyle questionnaire and attendance for a health check. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Diastolic blood pressure (DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and plasma vitamin C level. RESULTS: The mean SBP was 135.8 +/- 18.5 mmHg (mean +/- SD) and the mean DBP was 82.5 +/- 11.3 mmHg. The mean plasma vitamin C level was 52.6 +/- 19.7 mumol/l. The plasma vitamin C level was negatively correlated both with SBP and with DBP. These correlations persisted after adjustment for age, sex and body mass index. Adjusting for other confounders including cigarette smoking, physical activity and alcohol intake did not alter the observed association. Exclusion of subjects taking vitamin supplements and those with known hypertension did not affect the results. The differences in SBP and in DBP for a 50 mumol/l difference in vitamin C, estimated using linear regression, were -3.6 and -2.6 mmHg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The plasma vitamin C level may be a marker of other factors; nevertheless, these results are consistent with other published work indicating that a high intake of vitamin C from food confers protection against raised blood pressure and strokes.
Aged↗
Vitamin C status and respiratory function.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the cross sectional relationship between respiratory function and plasma vitamin C. DESIGN: Cross sectional analysis. SETTING: Population based study. SUBJECTS: 835 Men and 1025 women aged 45 to 75 registered with GP practices in Norfolk. INTERVENTIONS: Completion of health and lifestyle questionnaire and attendance for a health check. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and non fasting plasma vitamin C. RESULTS: Plasma vitamin C was positively correlated, after adjustment for age and height, with both FEV1 (r = 0.17, P < 0.001) and FVC (r = 0.14, p < 0.001) in men. The association in women was weaker and not statistically significant. Adjusting for other possible factors and exclusion of various groups did not alter the observed associations. The differences in FEV1 and FVC in men, adjusted for age, height and cigarette smoking, for a 50 micromol/L difference in vitamin C were 0.22 litres (95% CI 0.10-0.33) and 0.23 litres (95% CI 0.09-0.37) respectively. The population distribution was shifted such that 12.1% of men with vitamin C levels < or = 30 micromol/L had an FEV1 of less than two litres, compared with 4.6% with levels > or = 60 micromol/L. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with other studies of vitamin C and respiratory function and suggest that vitamin C may be protective for lung function through the whole normal range of dietary intake and lung function.
Aged↗
Vitamin C status and serum lipids.
OBJECTIVES: To examine the cross sectional relationship between plasma vitamin C and serum lipids. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis. SETTING: Population based study. SUBJECTS: 835 Men and 1025 women aged 45-75 registered with GP practices in Norfolk. INTERVENTIONS: Completion of health and lifestyle questionnaire and attendance for a health check. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Non fasting plasma vitamin C and serum lipids. RESULTS: Plasma vitamin C was not correlated with serum total cholesterol or LDL cholesterol in men or women. In women plasma vitamin C was positively correlated with HDL cholesterol r = 0.15 (P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with triglyceride r = -0.17 P < 0.001). These correlations persisted after adjustment for age and body mass index. The association in men was weaker and after adjustment for age and body mass index was no longer statistically significant. Exclusion of subjects taking vitamin supplements and those with known hyperlipidaemic did not affect the findings. The difference in HDL cholesterol, adjusted for age, body mass index and alcohol intake, for a 50 micromol/l difference in vitamin C, estimated using linear regression, was 0.11 mmol/l in women. The difference in triglyceride, adjusted for age and body mass index was -0.16 mmol/l in women. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma vitamin C level may be a marker of other factors; nevertheless these results are consistent with other published work indicating that a high intake of vitamin C from food raises serum HDL cholesterol and lowers serum triglyceride.
Aged↗
N-[(1-butyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-3,4dihydro-2H-[1,3]oxazino[3,2- a]indole10-carboxamide hydrochloride: the first potent and selective 5-HT4 receptor antagonist amide with oral activity.
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Administration, Oral↗
Incremental prognostic value of exercise thallium-201 myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography late after coronary artery bypass surgery.
OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the incremental prognostic value of exercise thallium-201 myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) performed > or = 5 years after coronary artery bypass surgery. BACKGROUND: Thallium-201 scintigraphy has shown significant prognostic value in a variety of populations with suspected and known coronary artery disease. However, its value in patients with previous bypass surgery remains unknown. METHODS: We studied 294 patients who were prospectively followed up. Cox proportional hazards models for prediction of "hard" events (cardiac death and nonfatal infarctions) were constructed, with variables considered for inclusion in hierarchic order: clinical and exercise data first, followed by scintigraphic information. RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) follow-up duration after scintigraphy was 31 +/- 11 months. There were 20 cardiac deaths and 21 nonfatal acute myocardial infarctions. Twenty-nine patients had late (> 60 days after thallium-201 SPECT) revascularization procedures or underwent repeat bypass surgery or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Shortness of breath and peak exercise heart rate were the most important clinical predictors of hard events. Two scintigraphic variables added significant prognostic information to the clinical model: the thallium-201 summed reversibility score (summation of segmental differences between stress and redistribution scores) and the presence of increased lung uptake of the radiotracer. The global chi-square statistic for this model was twice as high as that for the clinical/exercise model alone (49.7 vs. 24.2). When a second multivariate Cox model was built adding "soft" events (i.e., late revascularization procedures) as outcomes of interest, the summed reversibility score was selected as an independent scintigraphic predictor of events. The global chi-square statistic for this model was 50.7, three times as high as that for the clinical/exercise model alone. CONCLUSIONS: After evaluation of treadmill and exercise data, thallium-201 myocardial perfusion SPECT provided incremental prognostic information in patients late after bypass.
Aged↗
Biological effects of isoflavones in young women: importance of the chemical composition of soyabean products.
To examine the hormonal effects of isoflavones, of which soyabean is a rich source, fifteen healthy nonvegetarian premenopausal women were studied over 9 months. They lived in a metabolic suite for between 4 and 6 months where their diet and activity levels were kept constant and their hormonal status was measured over two or three menstrual cycles. During one (control) menstrual cycle a normal but constant diet containing no soyabean products was fed. Then, over a second complete cycle six subjects consumed a similar diet into which 60 g textured vegetable protein (TVP)/d, containing 45 mg conjugated isoflavones, had been incorporated. Three participants had 50 g miso (a fermented soyabean paste), containing 25 mg unconjugated isoflavones, added daily to their diet over a menstrual cycle, and six others consumed 28 g TVP/d, containing 23 mg conjugated isoflavones. Five participants completed a third diet period where they were randomly assigned to consume either the control diet over a cycle, or a similar diet incorporating 60 g of a soyabean product which had had the isoflavones chemically extracted (Arcon F). Follicular phase length was significantly (P < 0.01) increased and peak progesterone concentrations were delayed with 60 g TVP but no effects were observed with Arcon F. The increase in menstrual cycle length did not reach statistical significance in the three three subject who ate 50 g miso/d, but peak progesterone levels were significantly (P < 0.05) delayed. Mid-cycle peaks of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were suppressed with 45 mg conjugated isoflavones as 60 g TVP (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively). No other changes in sex-steroid hormone levels were observed on any of the other diets. A significant reduction in total cholesterol was found with 45 mg conjugated isoflavones (P < 0.05), but not with 23 mg conjugated isoflavone-free Arcon F. There was no effect of menstrual cycle phase on transit time.
Adult↗
The British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years or over: protocol and feasibility study.
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Aged↗