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S C Clarke

Publications and source records attributed to S C Clarke.

71 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

The incidence of Cyclospora cayetanensis in stool samples submitted to a district general hospital.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is the cause of a prolonged diarrhoeal syndrome. In the UK most cases are seen in travellers who have returned from countries in which the organism is endemic. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the incidence of C. cayetanensis in stool samples submitted to a district general hospital. A total of 6151 stools from 5374 different patients were screened for the presence of C. cayetanensis over a 1-year period using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Oocysts of C. cayetanensis were found in 7 stools (0.1%) from 4 patients (0.07%). All four patients were adult travellers who had visited countries in which C. cayetanensis is known to be endemic. In the population of this study, C. cayetanensis was found to be a rare cause of diarrhoea. Although C. cayetanensis infection should be considered in individuals of all ages who have lived in, or have travelled to endemic areas, there is no need to screen stool samples for the organism in those without such a travel history.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Modified detergent Ziehl-Neelsen technique for the staining of Cyclospora cayetanensis.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a cause of prolonged diarrhoea, mainly in travellers. Laboratory diagnosis may be achieved by a number of methods such as the staining of faecal smears by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) technique. Safer methods using this technique have been described for the staining of acid fast bacilli and cryptosporidia by replacing the phenol content of the carbol fuschin stain with various concentrated detergents. In this report the technique was modified slightly using a non-concentrated detergent and applied to the staining of oocysts of C cayetanensis. It was found that oocysts of C cayetanensis do not stain using the modified detergent ZN method when compared with similar preparations containing oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Typing of proteus from patients with bacteriuria.

Forty-five strains of Proteus mirabilis isolated from hospital in-patients, out-patients and community patients with significant bacteriuria, were investigated to determine whether a predominant type was present using the Dienes test. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the 45 strains of Proteus mirabilis were also determined. There were 38 different Dienes types which shows that there is no predominant type of Proteus amongst the isolates examined in this study. This suggests that there is no predominant type of Proteus mirabilis in the community and hospital acquired bacteriuria. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of an isolate was not a useful marker for typing because susceptibility patterns between different Dienes types were so similar.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Changes in cesarean delivery in the United States, 1988 and 1993.

The rate of cesarean delivery in the United States (22.8% in 1993) has remained stable since the mid-1980s after dramatic increases during the 1970s and early 1980s. The primary cesarean rate (16.3 cesareans in 1993 per 100 women with no history of previous cesarean delivery) was also stable from 1988 to 1993. During this same period, the rate of vaginal birth after previous cesarean (VBAC) doubled, from 12.6 to 25.4 percent. In both 1988 and 1993, rates of cesarean delivery were higher in the South than in other regions, for mothers 35 years or older than for younger women, for proprietary than for nonprofit or state and local government hospitals, and for women with private insurance than for women with Medicaid or self-pay as the expected source of payment. Even if VBAC rates continue to increase at the same rate as in the past, the Year 2000 goal of an overall cesarean rate of 15 percent cannot be met without reducing the primary cesarean rate by 50 percent.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Remarriages: a demographic profile.

"This article presents descriptive statistics for remarriages [in the United States] according to the combined marital histories of brides and grooms. In 1988, 745,000 divorced men and 748,000 divorced women remarried. For each sex, 61% married divorced, 35% married single, and 4% married widowed partners. On average, the grooms were 39 and the brides were 35 years of age, but those who married single partners were younger (35 and 31, respectively) and better educated than average. In 1988, 72,000 widowed men and 77,000 widowed women remarried, at ages 61 and 53. They married widowed or divorced partners in similar proportions. By 1988, husbands and wives who jointly remarried at ages 25 to 44 in 1972 had lower divorce levels than did those who were first married as teenagers. This indicates that marrying at a young age was a stronger determinant of divorce than was a previous marriage of either or both spouses."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Factors influencing medical interns trained at U.W.I. to work subsequently in a rural area in Jamaica.

Recognising the present paucity of doctors trained at the University of the West Indies who are working in rural government health facilities in Jamaica, and its impact on the health services, this study was done to determine the factors influencing the decision of UWI-trained interns to work in these facilities post-internship. A questionnaire was administered to 57 UWI-trained medical graduates presently doing their internship in Jamaica. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the choice of placement with respect to sex, or residential background of the intern, though the latter seemed to indicate a trend. Of those who thought they would work in a rural government health facility, two-thirds would do so immediately post-internship but 50% did not plan to work there for more than five years. Opportunities for postgraduate training and lack of equipment were the most important deterrents to working in a rural government health facility.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

State variation in rates of cesarean and VBAC delivery: 1989 and 1993.

There is wide variation among states in rates of cesarean and vaginal births after cesarean (VBAC) deliveries. In general, states in the South have the highest cesarean rates, states in the West have the lowest, and states in the Northeast and Midwest are intermediate. Louisiana had the highest overall rate in 1993 (27.7 per 100 births) while Alaska had the lowest rate (15.2). The majority of states had declines in their cesarean rate between 1989 and 1993. Patterns in primary cesarean rates are similar to those of the overall rate-states in the South generally have the highest rates while states in the West have the lowest rates. Primary cesarean rates ranged between a high of 19.6 in Louisiana to a low of 10.6 in Wisconsin. In general, states with low cesarean rates have among the highest rates of VBAC delivery. Alaska had the highest VBAC rate (40.0), which was almost quadruple the rate of Louisiana (11.2), the state with the lowest rate. Most states had substantial increases in VBAC rates between 1989 and 1993. When examining cesarean rates by maternal age and birth order, states with the highest overall rates also have among the highest age/birth order-specific rates. Cesarean rates were lowest for mothers under 25 years of age having a second or higher order birth in Alaska, 10.4, and highest for mothers 35 years of age or over having a first birth in Mississippi, 51.3. Standardized cesarean rates which were adjusted for differences between states in maternal age and birth order distributions did not diminish the variation among areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trends and characteristics of births attended by midwives.

In 1994 there were 218,466 births attended by midwives in the United States more than seven times the number in 1975 (29,413). The percent of all births attended by midwives rose from 0.9 percent in 1975 to 5.5 percent in 1994. The vast majority of midwife attended births were by certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) and occurred in hospitals. Births attended by other midwives comprised only 6 percent of all midwife-attended births (down 11 percent since-1989) and are becoming increasingly concentrated in out of hospital settings, particularly residences. Due in large part to population characteristics, the proportions of births attended by midwives varies markedly between states. The percentages range from 19 percent in New Mexico to less than 1 percent in Kansas Louisiana Missouri and Nebraska Mothers with midwife attended births in out of hospital settings generally had demographic and lifestyle characteristics that were lower risk for obstetric complications and poor birth outcomes compared with mothers with physician- or midwife attended births in hospitals. That is these mothers were more likely to be married older more educated having higher order births and were less likely to smoke and gain and adequate amount of weight during pregnancy. However women with midwife attended births regardless of type of midwife or birth setting were more likely to initiate prenatal care later in the pregnancy and have fewer overall visits than were women whose births were attended by physicians. Despite less prenatal care a smaller proportion of babies whose births were attended by midwives were preterm or were of low or very low birth weight.

Adult↗