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Biomedical subjects

S D Scott

Publications and source records attributed to S D Scott.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Analysis of p53 status in tonsillar carcinomas associated with human papillomavirus.

Tonsillar squamous cell carcinomas (a total of 14) were examined both for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA and for p53 alterations. General primer-mediated HPV polymerase chain reaction (GP-PCR) revealed the presence of HPV DNA in 12/14 cases. Subsequent typing by HPV type-specific PCR and sequence or hybridization analysis of GP-PCR products revealed DNA from HPV 16 in seven cases, from HPV 33 in two cases, and from HPV 7, HPV 16/33 and HPV 33/59 each in a single case. p53 immunohistochemistry performed on nine HPV containing tonsillar carcinomas using polyclonal serum CM-1 showed elevated p53 levels in four cases. These included 3/5 HPV 16 containing carcinomas and the HPV 33/59 containing carcinoma. Analysis of p53 mutations using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of GC-clamped PCR products of exons 5 to 8 showed p53 gene alterations in 3/13 cases, including 2/11 HPV positive cases and 1/2 HPV negative cases. The alterations included a silent point mutation within exon 8 of an HPV 16 containing carcinoma, a 1 bp deletion within exon 8 of an HPV 33 containing carcinoma, and a missense mutation within exon 7 of one of the HPV negative carcinomas. There was evident discrepancy between p53 immunohistochemistry and gene analysis. Four HPV containing cases showing elevated p53 levels did not reveal the presence of exon 5 to 8 alterations affecting the amino acid code, suggesting the presence of mutations occurring in other exons or non-mutational p53 stabilization. The data indicate that HPV and elevated p53 can coexist in tonsillar carcinomas and that despite the low frequency of p53 mutations the presence of HPV is not exclusively related to the absence of mutated p53.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Identification and sequence analysis of the homologues of the herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein H in Marek's disease virus and the herpesvirus of turkeys.

The glycoprotein H (gH) genes of two avian herpesviruses, Marek's disease virus and the herpesvirus of turkeys, have been cloned and sequenced and the coding regions found to be of 2439 and 2424 nucleotides respectively. The predicted primary polypeptide products of these open reading frames are 813 and 808 amino acids and correspond to Mrs of 90,800 and 91,100. Both amino acid sequences exhibit characteristic glycoprotein features such as hydrophobic signal and anchor sequences and potential sites for N-linked glycosylation. Polypeptide sequence comparison to the other eight available gH sequences revealed more similarity to the alphaherpesvirus subgroup than to either beta- or gammaherpesviruses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Intestinal prolapse through the vagina.

We describe the case of a 68-year-old woman who presented with an acute onset spontaneous vaginal vault rupture and intestinal prolapse through the vagina. Results of a literature survey are presented and the causes of vaginal vault rupture are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Timing and method of reversal of Hartmann's procedure.

The outcome of 145 patients undergoing Hartmann's resection between 1973 and 1989 has been reviewed. The mortality rate of the primary procedure was 8 per cent. Eighty patients proceeded to reanastomosis. Multifactorial analysis of these patients was undertaken to determine the risk involved. The interval between the primary and secondary procedures was found to be the most important factor. Six of 12 patients had clinical evidence of a leak when this interval was < 3 months, compared with seven of 28 for 3-6 months, and none of 40 when the second operation was delayed for > 6 months. All deaths (three patients) and clinical septicaemia (four) occurred in the two 'early' groups. All colovaginal fistulae (three patients) and strictures (three) were associated with stapled anastomoses. No association was found between the complication rate following reanastomosis and the initial pathology or grade of surgeon undertaking the secondary operation.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Toxicity potential of oral lidocaine in a patient receiving mexiletine.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of toxicity from orally administered lidocaine in a patient with cardiomyopathy receiving concurrent mexiletine therapy. DATA SOURCES: Case reports, review articles, and studies identified by search of the MEDLINE database and Current Contents. STUDY SELECTION: All reports of toxicity from orally administered lidocaine were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS: Lidocaine, a local anesthetic, is widely used to treat cardiac arrhythmias. Toxicity with the parenteral form occurs frequently. In contrast, there are few reports of toxicity with oral lidocaine, most of them occurring in children receiving large doses relative to body weight. We report a case of intoxication in an adult with severe cardiomyopathy and concurrent mexiletine therapy who received only two doses of oral lidocaine. CONCLUSIONS: Although it is rarely reported in adults, clinicians must be alert to the possibility of toxicity from orally administered lidocaine. This is most likely to occur in patients with conditions known to reduce lidocaine clearance, when higher-than-usual doses are administered, or when concurrent therapy with oral lidocaine analogs may be present.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

OSHA's voluntary protection programs. The benefits to occupational health nurses and their companies.

The Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP) consist of three different programs: Star, Merit, and Demonstration. Each is designed with different criteria to allow the opportunity for a wide range of safety and health programs to be recognized. To be accepted into the Star program it is necessary to have statistics that indicate the program is effective and to have the following six elements incorporated into a comprehensive safety and health program: management commitment; established methods of worksite analysis; established methods of hazard prevention and control; quality safety and health training; employee participation; and annual self evaluation. Because occupational health nurses have daily experience and formal training in hazard prevention and control, safety and health training, and employee health, they are invaluable resources in the VPP application process and in the maintenance of Star level protection. Decreased workers' compensation costs, decreased injury rates, and development of a positive attitude toward OSHA are benefits of the VPP for management, employees, and OSHA.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1990

Murine herpesvirus 68 is genetically related to the gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus and herpesvirus saimiri.

Short nucleotide sequence analysis of seven restriction fragments of murine herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) DNA has been undertaken and used to determine the overall genome organization and relatedness of this virus to other well characterized representatives of the alpha-, beta- and gammaherpesvirus subgroups. Nine genes have been identified which encode amino acid sequences with greater similarity to proteins of the gammaherpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) than to the homologous products of the alphaherpesviruses varicella-zoster virus and herpes simples virus type 1 or the betaherpesvirus human cytomegalovirus. In addition, the genome organization of MHV-68 is shown to have an overall collinearity with that of the gammaherpesviruses EBV and herpesvirus saimiri. In common with these viruses, dinucleotide frequency analysis of MHV-68 coding sequences reveals a marked reduction in CpG dinucleotide frequency thus implicating a dividing cell population as the site of latency in vivo.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the Marek's disease virus and turkey herpesvirus thymidine kinase genes; comparison with thymidine kinase genes of other herpesviruses.

In this paper we present the nucleotide sequences of the thymidine kinase (TK) genes of two avian herpesviruses: a highly oncogenic strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV strain RB1B) and its serologically related vaccine virus, the herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT strain Fc-126). The predicted coding regions of the two genes are 1029 and 1050 nucleotides respectively, corresponding to polypeptides of 343 and 350 amino acids in length. Putative nucleotide- and nucleoside-binding sites have been identified within the two predicted amino acid sequences. The MDV and HVT TK amino acid sequences exhibit 58.2% amino acid identity. Comparison with other available herpesvirus TK sequences reveals a greater homology to those of the alphaherpesviruses than to those of the gammaherpesviruses. No overall homology was found when compared with the chicken cytoplasmic TK sequence.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Nucleotide sequence and characterization of the Marek's disease virus homologue of glycoprotein B of herpes simplex virus.

The Marek's disease virus (MDV) homologue of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) gene encoding glycoprotein B (gB) has been identified within BamHI fragments I3 and K3 of the 'highly oncogenic' strain RB1B of MDV. The entire nucleotide sequence of the gene has been determined and its predicted amino acid sequence shown to share gross overall structural features with the gB genes of HSV, varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and other mammalian herpesviruses. In particular, all 10 cysteine residues were conserved in MDV gB and there was extensive homology throughout the gene with VZV, HSV and pseudorabies virus except for the N and C termini. The overall percentage amino acid identity between MDV gB and gB of the alphaherpesviruses had a mean of 50% which was almost twice that between cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus. Northern blot analysis showed that the main RNA transcribed from this gene is approx. 2.7 kb in size. Antibodies raised against synthetic peptides (residues 250 to 271 and 304 to 330) allowed the identification of a family of serologically related glycoproteins of Mr 110K, 64K and 48K in extracts of MDV-infected cells using immunoblots. Furthermore, the antisera were able to differentiate between the antigens of MDV and herpesvirus of turkeys in immunoblots. Immunofluorescence tests indicated that MDV gB is associated with granules in the cytoplasm and is present at the surface of MDV-infected cells.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Gene sequence and mapping data from Marek's disease virus and herpesvirus of turkeys: implications for herpesvirus classification.

Purified DNAs from Marek's disease virus (MDV) and the herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) were randomly sheared and cloned into the M13 bacteriophage. Two-hundred and ten MDV and 130 HVT clones were sequenced to give representative samples of the genome sequences. The predicted amino acid sequences from these gammaherpes-viruses were compared to known sequences from other herpesviruses using computer analysis. Thirty-five MDV and 24 HVT genes were identified by comparison with varicella-zoster virus (VZV), an alphaherpesvirus. However, only 14 MDV and seven HVT genes, giving generally lower homology scores, were found by comparison with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a gammaherpesvirus, indicating that MDV and HVT sequences bear greater similarity to VZV than to EBV sequences. A number of sequences were mapped by hybridizing labelled M13 clones to Southern blots of restriction fragments of MDV or HVT DNA. The results were consistent with the MDV and HVT genomes being collinear with VZV.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

The development of hypoprothrombinaemia following antibiotic therapy in malnourished patients with low serum vitamin K1 levels.

A group of nine well-nourished patients, with normal serum vitamin K1 levels (mean 546, range 310-1350 pg/ml), maintained normal prothrombin times (PTs) and factor VII clotting activities throughout a 7 d course of i.v. cefotetan disodium, an N-methyl-thiotetrazole (NMTT) containing cephalosporin antibiotic. However, 11 of 20 patients, with acute intra-abdominal sepsis and initially normal PTs who underwent emergency surgery, developed prolonged PTs (INR 1.4-3.1) associated with reduction in factor VII activities (0.74-0.38 u/ml) after 3-7 d of antibiotic therapy. Nine of these 11 patients had clinical evidence of malnutrition and nine had subnormal serum vitamin K1 levels (mean 119, range 43-354 pg/ml) on admission. Seven received cefotetan but four were treated with a non-NMTT-containing cephalosporin or antibiotics belonging to other groups. The nine patients who maintained normal PTs all had normal nutritional status and normal serum vitamin K1 levels (mean 279, range 103-915 pg/ml) at presentation. The PT is a relatively insensitive indicator of vitamin K stores, and malnourished patients with low serum vitamin K1 levels are at risk of developing hypoprothrombinaemia following intravenous antibiotic therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The practical management of Fournier's gangrene.

Effective early treatment of this serious condition is necessary to prevent death. Urgent exploration by the most experienced surgeon available should include wide excision of all necrotic or dubious tissue, and adequate drainage of deep fascial planes. Deep and apparently healthy tissues must be exposed and the surgeon must be prepared to proceed to laparotomy, and even diverting colostomy and/or suprapubic cystotomy when necessary. Cross matched blood must be available, and we have found hydrogen peroxide irrigation useful. Pus, tissues, and blood samples for bacteriological culture and sensitivity should always be sent, but broad spectrum antibiotics should be started without delay to prevent systemic complications. In addition to the urgent initial surgery, repeated daily examination of all wounds is necessary, usually under general anaesthesia to allow full inspection, further débridement, irrigation and change of dressings, until the infective process is halted. This is a serious condition with a high mortality which we believe may be reduced by early diagnosis and appropriate aggressive surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Cefotetan in the treatment of serious intra-abdominal sepsis: a controlled clinical trial.

Cefotetan has been compared with two regimens of combination antibiotic therapy in the treatment of peritonitis and serious intra-abdominal sepsis. One hundred predominantly elderly patients (median age 66 years) were entered into a prospective randomized surgical trial. Sixty-two per cent had peritonitis. There were seven non-septic deaths. Side-effects were similar in each group and generally of a minor, self limiting nature. Haematological and biochemical factors were closely monitored, and though there were increases in the prothrombin time, there was no statistical difference between cefotetan and comparators. Cefotetan is as effective as combination therapy in the treatment of surgical patients with serious intra-abdominal sepsis.

Abdomen↗