Cyclical esotropia following surgery for partially accommodative esotropia.
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Adolescent↗
Biomedical subjects
S Drummond
Publications and source records attributed to S Drummond.
Effectiveness of dietary advice given by community dietitians to men with elevated blood cholesterol in a clinical setting: a pilot study.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of two types of dietary advice given by community dietitians on subsequent dietary intake in Scottish men, over 8 weeks. DESIGN: A parallel design intervention study was employed. Twenty-five men with elevated blood cholesterol levels were randomly assigned to Group 1 (advice to reduce dietary fat only) or Group 2 (advice to reduce dietary fat and sugar). RESULTS: Neither group significantly reduced fat intakes, yet both groups self-rated their fat intake as being lower at the end than at the start of the study. Group 2 reduced per cent energy from sugar and increased per cent energy from starch without significantly changing per cent energy from total carbohydrate. No significant change in blood cholesterol levels were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Advice to reduce dietary fat was not effective in this group of subjects. Advice to reduce both fat and sugar resulted in a decrease in sugar intake only. Both groups wrongly rated their fat intake to be lower at the end of the study. This may be a barrier to further dietary advice.
Adult↗
The effects of transdermal nicotine therapy for smoking cessation on depressive symptoms in patients with major depression.
This study examines the effects of transdermal nicotine patches for smoking cessation on depressive and withdrawal symptoms among 38 non-medicated subjects with Major Depressive Disorder. The study was conducted over a 29-day period, which included a 7 day baseline phase, a 14 day treatment phase, and an 8 day placebo phase. During the treatment phase subjects received either active nicotine patches (N = 18) or placebo patches (N = 20) that were administered in a randomized, double-blind fashion. The target quit date (TQD) was day 8. Significantly, more subjects in the placebo group than in the nicotine group resumed smoking following the TQD (50% vs. 22%). There was little evidence for effects of active nicotine patches on measures of mood (HRSD, BDI, POMS) or withdrawal symptoms among subjects that remained abstinent throughout the study (N = 24). Those who resumed smoking had more severe withdrawal symptoms than those who remained abstinent. One patient in the placebo group (n = 20) became more depressed after 2 weeks of abstinence. None of the patients in the nicotine group (n = 18) became more depressed.
Administration, Cutaneous↗
Temporal differences in the appearance of NEP-B78 and an LBR-like protein during Xenopus nuclear envelope reassembly reflect the ordered recruitment of functionally discrete vesicle types.
In this work, we have used novel mAbs against two proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum and outer nuclear membrane, termed NEP-B78 and p65, in addition to a polyclonal antibody against the inner nuclear membrane protein LBR (lamin B receptor), to study the order and dynamics of NE reassembly in the Xenopus cell-free system. Using these reagents, we demonstrate differences in the timing of recruitment of their cognate membrane proteins to the surface of decondensing chromatin in both the cell-free system and XLK-2 cells. We show unequivocally that, in the cell-free system, two functionally and biochemically distinct vesicle types are necessary for NE assembly. We find that the process of distinct vesicle recruitment to chromatin is an ordered one and that NEP-B78 defines a vesicle population involved in the earliest events of reassembly in this system. Finally, we present evidence that NEP-B78 may be required for the targeting of these vesicles to the surface of decondensing chromatin in this system. The results have important implications for the understanding of the mechanisms of nuclear envelope disassembly and reassembly during mitosis and for the development of systems to identify novel molecules that control these processes.
Animals↗
Assessment of advice to reduce dietary fat and non-milk extrinsic sugar in a free-living male population.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of advice to reduce both dietary fat and sugar with advice to reduce fat alone on subsequent dietary intake in Scottish men. DESIGN: A parallel design intervention study was employed to measure compliance to the two types of dietary advice. Subjects were randomly assigned to Group 1 (advice to reduce fat and non-milk extrinsic (NME) sugar), Group 2 (advice to reduce fat only, ad libitum sugar) or a control Group 0 (no advice). Compliance was assessed by two 4-day food diaries over 6 months. SETTING: The study was conducted in the Strathclyde area of Scotland. SUBJECTS: Subjects were normal to moderately overweight Scottish men. The men recruited were non-dieting and volunteered for a 'healthy eating' study with the aim to improve the 'healthiness' of their diet. RESULTS: Groups 1 and 2 achieved the dietary target for fat, reducing their mean intake to below 35% energy. Group 1 achieved a statistically significant reduction in percentage energy from NME sugar in the short term (6 weeks), decreasing their mean intake from 9.9% to 7.2% energy. This initial decrease appeared to slip back towards baseline levels at 6 months (8.1% energy from NME sugar) and was no longer significantly different from baseline. At 6 months Group 1 reported a significantly lower mean energy intake than at baseline, whereas Group 2 adjusted for an initial decrease in energy intake and by 6 months energy intakes were not significantly different from baseline intakes. Group 2 appeared to compensate for the absolute reduction in dietary fat with a slight increase in total sugars and the maintenance of NME sugar intakes. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects in Group 1 complied with advice to reduce both fat and sugar over 6 weeks but to a lesser extent over 6 months. The 1.8% reduction in percentage energy from NME sugars in Group 1 at 6 months may not have reached significance due to the small sample size. Alternatively it may be that free-living populations find it hard to maintain concurrent reductions in fat and sugar owing to the well-documented inverse relationship between intakes of these macronutrients when expressed as a proportion of energy.
Adult↗
Maternal proximity and infant CO2 environment during bedsharing and possible implications for SIDS research.
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the leading cause of human infant mortality after the neonatal period in Western countries. Recently, child care practices have been shown to be important in determining infant vulnerability to SIDS. However, very little is known about the impact of parent-infant cosleeping on infant sleep physiology and behavior and SIDS risk. This reflects the failure of Western societal research paradigms to appreciate the human infant's evolutionary history of cosleeping, the recency of the emergence of solitary infant sleeping as a practice and the fact that parent-infant cosleeping is still the preferred sleeping arrangement for the majority of contemporary societies. Incorporating current hypotheses on the mechanisms of SIDS, we have hypothesized that the comparatively sensory-rich cosleeping environment might be protective against SIDS in some contexts. As a first step to characterize cosleeping environments, this investigation is aimed at assessing, in routinely bedsharing mothers and infants, their relative sleeping positions and the potential for sleeping in close face-to face proximity and for infant exposure to increased environmental CO2 produced by maternal respiration. The latter is important in that breathing elevated levels of CO2 can have diverse effects, ranging from respiratory stimulation at low levels to suffocation at very high levels. Two related laboratory studies were performed. In the first, all-night videotapes of 12 healthy, routinely bedsharing mother-infant pairs were analyzed for sleeping positions and time spent in face-to-face orientation and distances separating their faces. Infants were 11-15 wk old. Mothers predominantly positioned themselves on their sides facing their infants, with the infants placed either supine or on their sides. Mothers and infants slept oriented face-to-face for 64 +/- 27% (S.D.) of non-movement time, with distance less than 20 cm commonly separating their faces. In the second study, concentrations of CO2 in air were measured in six young women at distances of up to 21 cm from their nares. Peak expiratory CO2 concentrations remained above 1.0% at distances up to 9 cm and above 0.5% at 18 cm. Both baseline and peak CO2 levels were further increased at all distances when measured within a partial air pocket created to simulate a bedding environment sometimes seen during bedsharing. We conclude that during bedsharing there is potential for 1) a high degree of face-to-face orientation and close proximity and consequently 2) increased environmental CO2, as a result of maternal respiration, to non-lethal levels that might stimulate infant respiration. The close proximity would also maximize the sensory impact of the mother on the infant through other modalities. We also suggest that bedsharing may minimize prone infant positioning, a known risk factor for SIDS.
Adolescent↗
Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of novel 4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)imidazolines as acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors and antihypercholesterolemic agents.
Novel 4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)imidazolines have been found to be the potent acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors. ACAT is responsible for cholesterol esterification in the intestine, liver, and the arterial wall. These novel imidazolines also inhibit cholesterol ester formation in the macrophage. Several compounds have shown potent serum cholesterol-lowering activity in several animal models. Para-substitution of the 2-phenyl is critical for in vitro and in vivo activity. The 4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)imidazolines with a para-cyano group on 2-phenyl and a 4-alkylcyclohexyl amide as the side-chain at the 5-position possess the most potent inhibitory activity in this series. Based on biochemical studies, this series acts as a competitive inhibitor with respect to cholesterol binding at the enzyme, which distinguishes it from most of the ACAT inhibitors discovered to date. Preliminary biological studies supported by X-ray crystal structures, molecular modeling, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies suggest that this series may be a cholesterol mimic.
Anticholesteremic Agents↗
How positive advice can help to combat obesity.
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Diet, Fat-Restricted↗
Infant sleep architecture during bedsharing and possible implications for SIDS.
Arousal is an important protective response during sleep, and arousal deficit is hypothesized to play a role in the etiology of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Because environmental or caretaking factors have been shown to exert powerful effects on susceptibility to SIDS, manipulations that facilitate arousability might be protective against SIDS. All-night laboratory polysomnographic recordings were performed in 20 routinely bedsharing and 15 routinely solitary sleeping healthy breast-feeding Latino infants within the peak age range for SIDS, in both bedsharing (with mother) and solitary sleeping environments. The most important findings revealed by repeated measures analyses of variance were a significant reduction in stage 3/4 sleep and an inverse increase in stage 1/2 sleep on the bedsharing night compared to the solitary night, irrespective of routine sleeping arrangement. Shorter mean duration episodes of stage 3/4 sleep and longer mean stage 1/2 sleep episodes accounted for these differences. Because the arousal threshold is high in the electroencephalographic delta range, by limiting the amount of stage 3/4 sleep, bedsharing should promote infant arousability and might be protective against SIDS. The results also suggest that accepted normative values for infant sleep established in solitary sleeping infants may not be representative of infants raised in social sleeping environments.
Adult↗
Sleeping position, orientation, and proximity in bedsharing infants and mothers.
The impact of mother-infant bedsharing on infant sleeping position, orientation, and proximity to the mother was assessed in 12 breast-feeding Latino mother-infant pairs. Six routinely bedsharing and six routinely solitary-sleeping pairs slept 3 nights in the sleep laboratory. The first night matched the routine home condition, followed by 1 bedsharing night and 1 solitary-sleeping night in random order. During bedsharing infants were never placed prone, regardless of their routine sleeping condition. On the bedsharing night, mothers and infants spent most of the night oriented toward each other; seven of 12 infants remained oriented toward their mothers the entire night. While sleeping in a face-to-face orientation, most pairs slept most of the time less than 30 cm apart with appreciable amounts of time at less than 20 cm. This orientation and proximity should facilitate sensory exchanges between mother and infant which, we hypothesize, influence the infant's sleep physiology and nocturnal behavior. We conclude that bedsharing minimizes the use of the prone infant sleeping position, probably in part to facilitate breast feeding. By promoting nonprone positions, bedsharing may protect some infants from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), since prone sleeping is a known risk factor for SIDS. The large percentage of the night that mothers spent oriented toward their infants suggests that a higher degree of maternal vigilance may also result from bedsharing.
Breast Feeding↗
Language production in younger and older adults.
Only six of 74 linguistic variables studied were affected by age when younger and older subjects were compared. Three of these variables related to pragmatics, two to semantics, and one to syntax. No differences were noted for the parameter of phonology.
Adult↗
Errors on cues for consonant identification on auditory and visual word-recognition tasks.
For 9 women and 9 men undergraduates the proportion of voice, place of articulation, and manner of articulation errors were significantly different on an auditory word-in-noise task but not on a visual word-discrimination task. Results are most surprising for the visual condition, since voice cues are considered the least visible of the three cues for identification of consonants.
Adult↗
Perceptual and acoustical analysis of alaryngeal speech: determinants of intelligibility.
The speech productions of 8 male alaryngeal speakers were used to identify four perceptual measures and five durational measures which were significant for identifying intelligibility of alaryngeal speech. The acoustic variable of duration was a key factor in relating perceptual and acoustic measures.
Aged↗
Are dietary recommendations for dietary fat reduction achievable?
Despite several sets of dietary guidelines aimed at reducing fat intakes in the UK populations the actual fat intake in the UK has remained remarkably constant over the last decade. It is therefore of utmost importance to understand why the advice of the 1980s was not taken on board by the nation, to enable the achievement of current nutritional targets for dietary fat set for 2005. The nature of the diets of those individuals in the UK who have low fat intakes in line with the dietary goals are considered here, with the aim to increase our understanding of how the goals can be achieved in the free-living population. This paper postulates that a low fat diet will be easier to achieve, more palatable and hence more acceptable to the consumer if the dietary fat is replaced with a mixture of energy from sugar and starch. Further research is required to gain a greater understanding of what type of dietary composition will enable the free-living population to achieve a reduction in their dietary fat intake. This in turn will allow the dissemination of appropriate nutritional advice in the future and inform product development initiatives in the food industry.
Attitude to Health↗
A critique of the effects of snacking on body weight status.
Increasingly Western populations appear to be moving away from the 'gorging' to the 'nibbling' pattern of eating, probably as a direct result of the increased availability of snack foods and snacks. There have been many individual suggestions for the definition of a 'snack', each one based on different parameters of measurement (Rotenburg, 1981; Bernstein et al, 1981; De Castro, 1993). However, no one definition has been universally accepted in the scientific literature due to the problems inherent in individual perception of what constitutes a 'snack' as opposed to a 'meal'. For the purposes of this review, however, a snack is defined as 'any food taken outwith a regular mealtime (namely breakfast, lunch and dinner) or snack item taken in place of such meal.' Snacking is commonly regarded by the general public as predisposing to overweight and obesity, believing that it is more beneficial to adhere to an eating pattern of three meals a day. Thus, in this context, many weight reduction programmes include avoidance of snacks, reducing the frequency of eating occasions to two to three times a day. Indeed one hypothesis, the Booth hypothesis (Booth, 1988), suggests that this growing trend for snacking is a major factor in the aetiology of obesity. However, there is evidence to suggest that snacking, per se, may not necessarily predispose to overweight and that those individuals who snack throughout the day may have positive advantages, in terms of body weight control, over those conforming to a rigid pattern of three meals a day. This paper reviews the literature in the area of eating frequency with respect to energy balance and body weight control and suggests some directions for further research.
Body Weight↗
Experimental studies of infant-parent co-sleeping: mutual physiological and behavioral influences and their relevance to SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome).
We hypothesize that maternal sensory exchanges, likely involving a combination of heat, sound, gas, smells, movement, and touch, induce important physiological changes, especially in the healthy infant's arousal patterns, body temperature, and sleep architecture as defined by standard physiological measures. We summarize the results of two preliminary physiological studies, and some early data from a third, in which mothers and infants are monitored using standard polysomnographic techniques as they sleep in the same bed, and then in adjacent rooms. Our data suggest that infant-parent co-sleeping alters the infant's sleep experience as, for example, the characteristics of arousals, the frequency and duration of nursing, infant sleep position and the number of maternal inspections. For example, while sleeping in the same bed, mothers nurse their infants three times more frequently than they do while their infants sleep in an adjacent room. These preliminary data demonstrate significant differences between routine co-sleeping and solitary sleeping environments. This work underscores the importance of studying infant sleep as it unfolds in the co-sleeping environment, the environment within which it evolved over at least 5 million years of human evolution. Should our preliminary findings be confirmed in future studies they will provide a beginning point for considering additional, possibly unconventional ways of helping to reduce SIDS risks.
Adult↗
Novel piperidine sigma receptor ligands as potential antipsychotic drugs.
sigma receptor ligands represent a new class of potential antipsychotic drugs. This paper presents the structure-activity relationships leading to novel disubstituted piperidine sigma ligands, which have little or no affinity for dopamine D2 receptors. Selectivity for sigma sites over dopamine D2 or serotonin 5-HT2 receptors appears to be governed by the chemical nature of the piperidine nitrogen substituent, its distance from the basic nitrogen, and its orientation relative to the other piperidine substituent. Several of these compounds have good oral potency in some animal models used to evaluate potential antipsychotic drugs. The N-cyclopropylmethyl ketones and ethers (e.g. 6i (DuP 734), 6q, 18a, and 18n) have the best in vivo potency. Compounds 6i (DuP 734) and 6q did not cause catalepsy in the rat, even at very high doses. On the basis of the pharmacology profiles of these sigma ligands, we propose these compounds may be effective antipsychotic drugs, which do not induce extrapyramidal side effects or tardive dyskinesia.
Animals↗
Tracheoesophageal speech: with and without tracheostoma valve.
The tracheostoma valve, developed by Blom and Singer combines the advantages of pulmonary air for phonation with hands-free speech. Patients have anecdotally reported "more normal speech" with the use of the valve. This study was designed to objectively determine if speech acoustic and temporal measures existed between tracheoesophageal puncture using the valve, and those without the valve prosthesis, during speech production among the same subjects. The speech samples of nine male laryngectomees were recorded with and without the valve. Six speech acoustic and temporal measures were calculated and compared under both speaking conditions. No statistically significant differences were found between the two speaking conditions for the six tasks measured. However, other advantages and disadvantages were observed and reported under the valve condition.
Aged↗