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Biomedical subjects

S E Breuning

Publications and source records attributed to S E Breuning.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1985

Medication regimen: a subject characteristic rarely reported in behavior modification studies.

The present study determined whether articles describing attempts to alter behavior in mentally retarded participants through nonpharmacological interventions typically specify whether participants received medication during the experiments. From 1978 through 1982, the vast majority of such articles published in the American Journal of Mental Deficiency, Behavior Modification, Behavior Therapy, the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, and Mental Retardation failed to specify whether participants were receiving drugs. In addition, very few articles examined pharmacological interventions or attempted to address the interaction of drug and nondrug treatments.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1983

Effects of thioridazine on the intellectual performance of mentally retarded drug responders and nonresponders.

Forty mentally retarded adolescents were divided into two divisions on the basis of prestudy assessments that identified subjects as thioridazine hydrochloride responders or nonresponders. Within each division, the participants were assigned randomly to one of four groups. Members of each group received three administrations of the Leiter international performance scale. Four conditions were examined: testing under standard conditions and testing under reinforcement conditions while receiving and not receiving thioridazine. Condition sequences were random in all four groups. Assessments were double-blind and placebo controlled. The results showed that while both drug responders and nonresponders were receiving thioridazine there were no major differences in test scores obtained under standard and reinforcement conditions. While subjects were not receiving thioridazine there were considerable increases in scores obtained under the reinforcement conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

RETRACTED: Effects of methylphenidate on the fixed-ratio performance of mentally retarded children.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief based on the outcome of a report conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in 1987 that was recently brought to the attention of the journal by R.T. Warne. Based on allegations of scientific fraud against Stephen Breuning, the NIMH conducted a full investigation into the alleged scientific misconducted on two grants, which funded multiple publications, one of which was this article. The NIMH report concluded that “all of these review publications relied heavily on Dr. Breuning's own work which the Panel concluded was not carried out as reported. The publications, therefore, must be regarded as scientifically unsound and seriously misleading.” Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour are therefore retracting this article on the grounds of scientifically unsound and misleading data and conclusions. The full NIMH investigatory report can be located here: NIMH-Breuning-Investigation-final-report.pdf (kindly provided by R.T. Warne)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

An empirical demonstration of the random stimulus design.

The random stimulus design, a single case methodology, was described. This design is a variant of the reversal or withdrawal design; however, the same set of items is presented to a subject only a small percentage of the total number of experimental conditions rather than across all conditions. The design is considered most applicable under conditions where numerous presentations are not desired since they may result in boredom, fatigue, or related variables that may adversely affect the evaluation of the dependent variables. Spelling and reading deficits were treated in the present study, but only as a means of illustrating the experimental design.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1982

A review and analysis of applied research in mental retardation: 1975-1980.

A review of the number and type of studies in mental retardation published in six prominent journals was made. Variables examined included whether the study was applied or not and in the latter case, whether the study was an assessment, treatment or epidemiological paper. Other variables evaluated were length of follow-up, frequency of applied studies published in each journal, whether subjects were children or adults, inpatients or outpatients, level of mental retardation and form of treatment employed. Implications of the present studies with regard to future directions of applied research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Effects of thioridazine and withdrawal dyskinesias on workshop performance of mentally retarded young adults.

The authors conducted a two-part study of the effects of thioridazine and withdrawal dyskinesias on the workshop performance of mentally retarded young adults. In part 1, 80 mentally retarded subjects were divided into five groups of 16 according to administration, discontinuation, or nonadministration of thioridazine. The major finding was that thioridazine can impair the workshop performance of mentally retarded individuals. In part 2, 28 subjects were divided into four matched groups of 7 subjects each whose thioridazine dose was abruptly or gradually discontinued and who did or did not have withdrawal dyskinesias. Workshop performance declined with the onset of the dyskinesias and improved as the dyskinesias subsided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Effects of phenytoin withdrawal on matching to sample and workshop performance of mentally retarded persons.

The present study was designed to examine the effects of gradual phenytoin withdrawal on the matching to sample performance of three mentally retarded person. The percentage of correct responses per session served as the dependent variable, and the sample and comparison stimuli were red, green, and blue illuminations of translucent response windows. With two of the subjects, the sensitivity of a workshop assembly task to phenytoin effects was explored retrospectively. The dependent variables were percentage of time on task, number of completions, and number and type of prompts required per session. The results showed that doses of phenytoin considerably lower than the suggested optimum therapeutic level impaired the performance of mentally retarded individuals on both matching to sample and workshop assembly tasks. As doses were reduced for each subject, there were increases in the percentage of correct responding on the matching to sample task with the highest percentage correct being obtained after, and only after, the 0-mg dose was reached. In the workshop setting, the greatest number of assemblies completed and the lowest number of prompts required occurred only after the 0-mg dose was reached. The results are discussed in terms of generality, the tasks being well suited ot the study of drug effects with mentally retarded individuals, and implications for habilitation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Effects of psychotropic drugs on intelligence test performance of institutionalized mentally retarded adults.

Twenty-four institutionalized mentally retarded persons received intelligence tests under both standard and reinforcement conditions while on and off psychotropic medication. Medications included chlorpromazine (Thorazine), thioridazine (Mellaril), haloperidol (Haldol), mesoridazine (Serentil), and lithium carbonate (Lithane). Results showed that when on medication there were no differences between IQs obtained under standard and reinforcement conditions. When off medication there were significant increases in scores obtained under both standard and reinforcement conditions. The increase in scores under the reinforcement condition was 23 points greater than the increase obtained under the standard condition (increases of 30.2 and 6.9 points, respectively). Results were discussed in terms of the sensitivity--insensitivity of intelligence test scores to medication effects, medications impairing responding to external reinforcement contingencies, and legal implications.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Effects of thioridazine (Mellaril) on titrating delayed matching-to-sample performance of mentally retarded adults.

The effects of thioridazine on the performance of a titrating delayed matching-to-sample discrimination by four retarded adults was investigated. Trials began with the center of three response panels illuminated by one of three colors. The delay between depression of the center response panel and presentation of the two comparison stimuli on the side response panels varied according to the accuracy of the subjects' performance. The primary dependent variable was the limit of delay, defined as the longest delay at which the subject emitted four consecutive correct responses in a 30-minute session. The subjects' chronic doses of thioridazine were reduced systematically in a multiple baseline across-subjects design. For all of the subjects, the limit of delay increased after, and only after, reductions in the daily thioridazine dose had been implemented. Results indicated that the withdrawal of chronically administered thioridazine resulted in increased accuracy in a delayed matching-to-sample task, suggesting strongly that the drug impairs performance of this discrimination.

Adult↗