[The immune system in celiac disease].
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Celiac Disease↗
Biomedical subjects
S Freier
Publications and source records attributed to S Freier.
The effect of immediate-type gastrointestinal allergic reactions on brush border enzymes and gut morphology in the rat.
The aim of the present study was to create clearly documented immediate-type allergy to food protein in the intestine of rats and to study some pathophysiological phenomena induced by challenge with the allergen. To achieve this, rats were sensitized with ovalbumin. A passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction to ovalbumin was negative in all controls and positive in all test animals when Bordetella pertussis was used as adjuvant. Sixty minutes after an intravenous injection of 125I-human serum albumin and 45 min after an ovalbumin challenge, given by gavage, the rats were sacrificed. The intestine was removed and sections taken for morphologic studies. The remainder was rinsed, opened, cut into measured segments, weighed, and the radioactivity was measured. Disaccharidases, alkaline phosphatase, and protein were estimated in homogenates of epithelium. Results in both control and test animals showed that radioactivity decreased as one moved distally along the intestine. However, radioactivity was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in the intestine of test animals than in controls. Radioactivity in liver, kidney, spleen, and lungs was identical in test and control animals. There was significant reduction in levels of alkaline phosphatase (p varied from less than 0.05 to less than 0.001), maltase (p less than 0.05), and sucrase (p less than 0.05 to less than 0.01). Lactase activity in contrast was significantly raised (p less than 0.05). There was no change in intestinal morphology or in the intestinal mast cell count.
Alkaline Phosphatase↗
Lymphocyte response to a bovine milk protein in ulcerative colitis.
A recently described in vitro test for cow's milk protein hypersensitivity was applied to adult patients with ulcerative colitis. The test system involved the culture of their peripheral blood lymphocytes with and without beta-lactoglobulin, and the results were expressed as a stimulation index. Stimulation with beta-lactoglobulin was significantly higher (P less than 0.02) in patients with active disease than in those with inactive disease or in healthy controls. beta-Lactoglobulin was the only one of four cow's milk proteins that showed this effect. It is concluded that the cow's milk protein beta-lactoglobulin has a specific blastogenic effect on the lymphocytes of patients with active ulcerative colitis, and, therefore, may serve as a marker of disease activity.
Adolescent↗
Is common variable hypogammaglobulinemia linked to HLA? A family study.
Two patients with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia (CVH) and their families, who came from different ethnic backgrounds, were surveyed for the level of immunoglobulins (Ig) and HLA genotypes. Six of 10 siblings and the mother in one family had a decreased level of one of the major classes of Ig (IgA in 5, IgM in 1 and IgG in the mother). A similar decrease was found in three of six siblings in the other family (IgG in one, IgA in one and IgM in one). HLA genotyping disclosed that affected and nonaffected family members had identical genotypes, suggesting that hypogammaglobulinemia in CVH is not linked to a specific HLA genotype.
Adolescent↗
Gastric handling of medium-chain triglycerides and subsequent metabolism in the suckling rat.
We have previously shown that preduodenal lipases account for 50% of the lipolytic capacity of 14-day-old rats. The present investigation was designed to study the kinetics of and optimal conditions for absorption of fat in the stomach of suckling rats and its subsequent distribution in the body. After the simultaneous instillation of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) containing 1.25 microCi 2,3-[3H]trioctanoate and of long-chain triglycerides containing 1.25 microCi 1-[14C]glycerol trioleate into the stomach ligated at the pylorus, we were able to show that gastric absorption of fat is limited to MCT. Two and a half minutes after injection, 88.6% of the radioactivity in the wall of the stomach was associated with free fatty acids, proving that lipolysis had preceded the absorption of the majority of the MCT. The remainder of the radioactivity was found in mono-, di-, and triglycerides as well as with cholesterol ester and phospholipids. In the plasma, peak radioactivity was attained within 2.5 min and a steady state ensued which lasted at least 30 min. Over this time period, specific radioactivity continued to rise in the liver, suggesting that hepatic uptake proceeded at the same rate as gastric absorption. Uptake could also be demonstrated in the three other organs tested, the lungs, the heart, and the kidneys. Absorption of MCT at pH 3 was only 20% of absorption at pH 6, which is the physiological pH in the suckling rat stomach within the first 10 min after a feed. Both at pH 3 and at pH 6, the addition of sodium taurocholate increased absorption of MCT over threefold. It is likely that the absorption of MCT by the stomach is a physiological event in the suckling rat.
Absorption↗
The fatty meal test: an alternative to stool fat analysis.
In view of the technical difficulties inherent in using stool fat estimations as a parameter of malabsorption, we used a fatty meal absorption test. Children under investigation for failure to thrive were divided into two groups, those having a normal stool fat output (less than 3.2 g/day) constituting the control group, and those having steatorrhea. After a fatty meal containing 25 g of margarine and 25 g of butter fat, we measured the rise of serum triglycerides and chylomicrons hourly for 5 h. Serum triglyceride rise of less than 100 mg/dl or less than 100% above basal values and the appearance of less than 7% of chylomicrons were considered pathological. Of our control group 95% had a normal rise of triglycerides; and 96% of our patients with steatorrhea had an abnormal rise. This test was more reliable than the two-point triglyceride test previously described for the diagnosis of fat malabsorption. The fatty meal test as described here is considered to be a useful test of absorptive function.
Celiac Disease↗
Immune regulation in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Diarrhea, Infantile↗
IgE and IgD antibodies to cow milk and soy protein in duodenal fluid: effects of pancreozymin and secretin.
Duodenal fluid IgE was reported to be increased in food allergy and in inflammatory conditions of the bowel. We studied the presence and specificity of IgE and IgD antibodies against alpha-casein, beta-lactoglobulin A, alpha-lactalbumin, bovine serum albumin and soy bean agglutinin using an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Thirteen children with various intestinal diseases and thirteen normal adult volunteers were examined. In resting duodenal fluids, 8/13 of the children had IgE and 5/13 had IgD, while only 1/13 of the adults showed detectable IgE and IgD. After pancreozymin, 4/6 of the children and 4/8 of the adults showed detectable IgE and IgD in their duodenal fluids. After secretin, the duodenal fluids from 1/8 of the children and 2/8 of the adults had detectable IgE, while 6/13 children and 1/10 of the adults had IgD. The results indicate an increase in duodenal contents of IgE and IgD antibodies specific to cow's milk and soy protein after pancreozymin. Since this mediator is normally released during digestion, it is suggested that IgE and IgD antibodies specific for food proteins, may be involved in the physiological processing of foods in the intestine. In infants and children with gastrointestinal disease, the incidence of IgE and IgD antibodies specific for milk and soy proteins is higher in basal and pancreozymin-stimulated duodenal fluid when compared with control adults.
Adolescent↗
Nonspecific suppressor cell activity and lymphocyte response to beta-lactoglobulin in cow's milk protein hypersensitivity.
beta-Lactoglobulin (BLG) is clinically the most frequent allergen in cow's milk protein hypersensitivity (CMPH). We therefore assessed its in vitro blastogenic effect on lymphocytes of patients suffering from CMPH. Twenty-two patients aged from 1 to 20 months were investigated. beta-Lactoglobulin produced a significantly (p less than 0.00003) higher blastogenic response in lymphocytes of patients with CMPH (mean stimulation index 7.7 +/- 0.7 SEM) than in 26 age-matched controls (2.7 +/- 0.4). This response was age related, being most marked in infants up to 5 months of age. Lymphocyte proliferation following stimulation with BLG can be a useful in vitro test in the diagnosis of CMPH. Because of this augmented lymphocyte response, we considered the possibility of a related defect in immune suppression. Nonspecific concanavalin A-induced suppressor cell activity was assessed in the above patient and control populations. Concanavalin A-induced suppressor cell activity was significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced in patients with CMPH. This too was most marked in the first few months of life. We suggest that the development of CMPH may be due to delayed maturation of a suppressor cell population.
Concanavalin A↗
Gastric lipase in the newborn rat.
A substantial portion of rat milk triglycerides was hydrolyzed in the ligated stomach of suckling rats with excised lingual gland and pancreas, due to the action of gastric lipase. Free fatty acids were the main lipolytic products. There were some diglycerides and traces of monoglycerides. Medium chain length (C8-C12) fatty acids were predominantly recovered in the free fatty acid fraction, whereas the remaining tri- and diglycerides became richer in long chain (greater than or equal to C14) fatty acids suggesting a preferential lipolysis of medium chain fatty acid ester bonds. The lipase activity in extracts of stomach wall and sublingual gland tissue was more stable at acid pH and more resistant to the action of pepsin than the activity of pancreatic lipase. Trypsin strongly affected lingual lipase activity but only moderately reduced gastric and pancreatic lipase activity. Presence of sodium taurocholate made the lingual and gastric lipases less sensitive to proteolytic attack. It was also found that the activity of gastric lipase, related to the tissue protein content, decreased with the age of rats, whereas that of lingual lipase increased. The joint capacity of the stomach and lingual gland lipases amounted to about 50% of the total digestive lipolytic capacity 6 days after rat birth but decreased to about 20% at 60 days of life. This was due mainly to the considerable increase in the pancreatic gland size.
Age Factors↗
Pancreozymin and secretin enhance duodenal fluid antibody levels to cow's milk proteins.
Duodenal fluid was collected from normal volunteers before and after stimulation with pancreozymin-cholecystokinin and secretin. Protein content, proteolytic enzyme activities, and antibody activities against cow's milk proteins, alpha-casein, and beta-lactoglobulin B, were measured in the duodenal fluid. After pancreozymin-cholecystokinin stimulation, immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M antibody activities rose to peak levels in 5-10 min. The increase in protein content and proteolytic enzyme activities after pancreozymin-cholecystokinin stimulation paralleled the increase in antibody activity against the two cow's milk proteins. Secretin, in spite of its known dilutional effect on duodenal fluid enzyme concentration, also produced a rise in immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin A antibody activities. Only a slight increase in immunoglobulin G antibody activity was noted after both pancreozymin-cholecystokinin and secretin. It is suggested that, pancreozymin-cholecystokinin and secretin, in addition to their well-established effects on the release of digestive enzymes, also stimulate release of specific antibodies against food proteins. Release of antibody coincident with food intake may act in preventing the inadvertent absorption of antigenic food proteins.
Adult↗
Characterization of gastric lipolytic activity.
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Animals↗
Suppressor T-lymphocyte activity in wheezy children with and without treatment by hyposensitization.
The suppressor cell activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes was investigated in wheezy children by determining the ability of concanavalin A induced suppressor cells to inhibit a mitogen provoked proliferative response. The activity was compared with that of eighteen healthy controls. Of ten infants aged from 5 months to 4 1/2 years, with recurrent wheezy bronchitis, three had much reduced suppressor cell activity (2 s.d. or more below that of controls). Of twelve asthmatic children aged from 4 1/2 to 12 years, seven had much reduced suppressor cell activity. The remaining five asthmatic children with normal suppressor cell activity had all received hyposensitization therapy. We speculate that immune hyposensitization therapy might act by stimulating lymphocyte suppressor activity.
Aminophylline↗
Histocompatibility determinants in Israeli Jewish patients with coeliac disease: population and family study.
The association between HLA and coeliac disease (CD) was studied in the Jewish population of Israel. A total of 112 patients were typed for HLA-A,B,C antigens, including 67 patients whose families were typed in order to deduce the genotypes. Forty-seven patients were typed for HLA-DR antigens. The HLA-A,B,C data show a pattern of association, which is similar to that found in European CD patients: HLA-B8 is increased, although to a lower degree; a suggestive, insignificant increase for Aw30, B13 and Cw6 and a decrease of Bw35 were noted. The DR antigens DR3 and DR7 are associated with CD in the Jewish population. An excess of DR3/DR7 heterozygotes was noted. The data from family and population studies support a model in which two different HLA-DR associated genes are interacting.
Celiac Disease↗
Infantile flexural seborrhoeic dermatitis. Neither biotin nor essential fatty acid deficiency.
The allegedly beneficial effect of biotin in the treatment of infantile 'flexural' seborrhoeic dermatitis was evaluated in a double-blind controlled study. No beneficial effect could be confirmed, and it is therefore unlikely that this disease is caused by biotin deficiency. Nor could this scaly dermatitis be ascribed to an essential fatty acid deficiency. Serum and adipose tissue fatty acids resembled each other and reflected the fatty acid composition of the diet.
Adipose Tissue↗
[The duodenal contents during digestion of a standard meal in cystic fibrosis].
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Amylases↗
Gastrointestinal mast cells in health, and in coeliac disease and other conditions.
Intestinal biopsies were performed in children suffering from coeliac and other diseases and were stained by the 'astra-blau' method for visualising granulated mast cells. The density of granulated mast cells (per microscopical field) in treated coeliac disease and in 3 control groups (patients suffering from milk allergy, failure to thrive, or protracted diarrhoea) was 15--18 cells per microscopical field, which contrasted with a mean of 6.8 cells in untreated coeliac disease. It is concluded that exposure to gluten in coeliac disease results in degranulation of mast cells, while exposure to milk in milk allergy has no such effect.
Celiac Disease↗
Chemical and immunological properties of a protein hydrolysate formula.
Clinical observation suggested that a protein hydrolysate formula designed to serve as an oral elemental diet was capable of producing untoward reactions in some children with malabsorption syndromes caused by cow milk protein allergy. An immunological study of the antigenicity of this hydrolysate was undertaken. Although it is claimed that the hydrolysate is produced from casein, it was shown that it produced, after injection into animals, precipitating antibodies against at least three of the whey proteins. Analysis of the molecular weight of this hydrolysate showed it to contain a polypeptide fraction with molecular weight above 3,850.
Animals↗