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Biomedical subjects

S G Graham

Publications and source records attributed to S G Graham.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

The characteristics of the inhibition of serum cholinesterase by metoclopramide.

The inhibition of serum cholinesterase by metoclopramide has been previously characterised in vitro at high dilution of the enzyme. We examined the effect of varying enzyme dilution over a range of 1000 fold dilution, and assay temperature at 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C on the fractional inhibition of enzyme activity by metoclopramide. Neither enzyme concentration nor reaction temperature affected this fractional inhibition. Concentrations of metoclopramide producing 50% inhibition of enzyme activity were in the range 1.0-1.9 x 10(-6) M. Lineweaver-Burk analysis of the enzyme reaction suggests that the pattern of this inhibition is competitive.

Cholinesterase Inhibitors↗
PubMed1995

Metoclopramide and prochlorperazine do not decrease propofol hypnotic requirements.

One hundred patients scheduled for minor surgery were given either saline, metoclopramide 0.1 mg.kg-1 or 0.2 mg.kg-1, or prochlorperazine 0.1 mg.kg-1 or 0.2 mg.kg-1 before induction of anaesthesia with a fixed rate infusion of propofol. Neither metoclopramide nor prochlorperazine reduced the induction dose of propofol. The possibility that these agents increased the induction dose could not be excluded.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The output of an 'empty' Tec 3 vaporizer.

The output of 30 Tec 3 vaporizers (halothane, enflurane and isoflurane) was studied, starting at the point where no liquid was visible in the content window. At 6 l.min-1 and 1% v/v initial output, consistent delivery was on average maintained for in excess of 90 (range 55-120) min. Thereafter, output declined rapidly. At the flows and concentrations studied there is a significant reserve in the vaporizing chamber, but it is likely that when higher flows and concentrations are used this reserve may be substantially reduced.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
PubMed1995

The effect of ketorolac as an adjuvant to local anaesthetic infiltration for analgesia in paediatric umbilical hernia surgery.

After umbilical hernia surgery, and wound infiltration with bupivacaine 0.5%, 17 children were given ketorolac 0.5 mg.kg-1, with 18 controls receiving only the wound infiltration. No child experienced severe pain, but moderate pain was noted in patients in both groups. Objective and subjective pain scores were not different statistically at any point up to the morning after surgery.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1994

The desflurane Tec 6 vaporizer.

A late development model of the Tec 6 vaporizer for the administration of desflurane vapour has been evaluated. It is heated electrically and has both electronic monitors of vaporizer function and alarms. The new filling system is a significant improvement over previous Tec filling systems. The vaporizer requires a warm-up period before it may be used, but when activated it provides an output that is approximately linear between 1 and 18% vapour concentrations, at flow rates between 200 ml min-1 and 10 litre min-1.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
PubMed1994

Sustained release metoclopramide for prophylaxis of post-operative nausea and vomiting.

Oral metoclopramide may be given as a premedicant to reduce post-operative nausea and vomiting, but there is little evidence that it is effective. We studied the anti-emetic action of a sustained release formulation of metoclopramide (Gastromax 30 mg) in 39 fit women undergoing inpatient laparoscopy under general anaesthesia with a standardized anaesthetic technique in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. No benefit was demonstrated. (Incidences: nausea: 13 of 20 patients [placebo] and 13 of 19 [metoclopramide]; vomiting: 13 of 20 and 12 of 19.)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

New drug in volatile anaesthesia--desflurane.

Desflurane is a new fluorinated ether with rapid onset of and recovery from anaesthesia. Recovery characteristics are comparable with or faster than after propofol infusion or isoflurane anaesthesia. The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) varies with age from 9.4% (infants) to 6% (adults), and is reduced by opioids and sedative premedication. Desflurane is highly stable. It is stable with soda-lime, and is minimally metabolised. Inhalational induction is associated with a high incidence of coughing and laryngospasm, especially in children. During anaesthesia, blood pressure is reduced, but cardiac output and organ perfusion is well maintained. Desflurane is a respiratory depressant, and enhances the action of neuromuscular blocking agents. Cerebrovascular autoregulation appears to be preserved, but intracranial pressure may still rise during desflurane anaesthesia. Delivery of vapour is using a new electrically heated vaporizer, the Tec 6, with internal monitoring circuitry and new safety features.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A comparison between propofol and desflurane anaesthesia for minor gynaecological laparoscopic surgery.

Fifty-seven healthy female patients who underwent gynaecological laparoscopic surgery received either desflurane or propofol for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia. Inhalational induction was generally well tolerated, and consciousness was lost in approximately 2 min (mean end-tidal concentrations of desflurane were 8.3% with 60% nitrous oxide, and 7.1% with oxygen). Recovery of consciousness and orientation were more rapid in patients in whom anaesthesia was maintained with desflurane than with propofol, but there were no differences in psychomotor function test scores at 30 min. The data suggest that desflurane provides controllable anaesthesia and rapid recovery of consciousness after laparoscopic surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Incidence of awareness with recall during general anaesthesia.

One thousand patients who were anaesthetised between February and April 1990 at University Hospital, Nottingham were interviewed between 20 and 36 hours after their operation. Patients under 16 years of age, those who had undergone obstetric or intracranial surgery, those who were unable to communicate and patients who were discharged from hospital before the postoperative visit were not interviewed. A standard set of questions was used to determine the incidences of recall of events and dreams during the operation. These incidences were 0.2% and 0.9% respectively, considerably lower than reported in previous comparable studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The requirement for intensive care support for the pregnant population.

Pregnancy-associated admissions to the Intensive Care Unit during the first 5 years of a newly established teaching hospital obstetric unit are reviewed. There were 23 such admissions; in the same period, 21,983 deliveries occurred. The most frequent cause for Intensive Care admission was hypertensive disease of pregnancy. Most patients required admission for less than 48 hours. Two patients died during the period of study.

Critical Care↗
PubMed1983

Bremsstrahlung production by potassium-40 in muscle.

The bremsstrahlung spectrum produced when 1320 keV beta particles, emitted by the naturally occurring isotope 40K, are absorbed in muscle has been calculated. With reference to the external measurement of 239Pu in the lung using the 17 keV U L x-rays, a simple model was used to estimate the number of bremsstrahlung photons with energies between 12 and 25 keV that would emerge from the chest wall of a normal subject. This was calculated to be 3 min-1 for a detection area of 628 cm2, although internal bremsstrahlung may increase this to 4 min-1. The latter figure is a factor of approximately three lower than the counting rate observed when a pair of phoswich NaI detectors of the same total area are placed over an average subject. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.

Humans↗