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Biomedical subjects

S G Haynes

Publications and source records attributed to S G Haynes.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Women's health and the environment: innovations in science and policy.

Current scientific findings indicate that environmental factors affect women's health. Specifically, evidence has accumulated on the effects of the environment on reproductive health, cancer, injury, respiratory problems, autoimmune diseases, and other health problems. To review the current state of the science and policies related to women's health and the environment, the Federal Interagency Working Group on Women's Health and the Environment of the Department of Health and Human Services and the Society for Women's Health Research jointly sponsored a conference in 1998 entitled Women's Health and the Environment: Innovations in Science and Policy. The aim of the conference was to provide a forum for scientists to share recent findings, promising avenues of research, methodological barriers, and data gaps about women's susceptibility to environmental agents. The conference generated 22 recommendations for policy, 17 recommendations for communication and training, and 48 recommendations for research to be considered by the federal government. The purpose of this review is to bring to the attention of the scientific community and policymakers the breadth of the women's health implications associated with environmental factors by highlighting key research findings presented at the conference. This review summarizes the current status of science in women's health, it describes relevant activities by the federal government, and it suggests recommendations for future research and policy initiatives in the context of women's health and the environment.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed1996

Breast cancer screening in older women.

BACKGROUND: There is currently an epidemic of breast cancer in women 65 years of age and older. The purposes of this paper are to explore the breast cancer screening behaviors of older women and to identify some of the determinants of screening in these women. METHODS: Data were analyzed from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey, a continuous nationwide household interview survey of the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population. RESULTS: As in other studies, the utilization of breast cancer screening by older women was less in older women than in younger women. This was true for both mammography and clinical breast examination. A number of determinants of screening in older women were identified here. Women with a usual source of care and/or no activity limitation, as well as high school graduates, were the ones most likely to have received a screening mammogram and/or a screening clinical breast exam during the past year. DISCUSSION: The failure of older women to receive adequate breast cancer screening is an important concern which should be reevaluated, given the breast cancer epidemic in this population. This study identified a number of determinants of breast cancer screening in older women. For the most part, these determinants point to the primary care physician as the key to breast cancer screening in these women. Therefore, the primary care physician must be informed of, and encouraged to follow, the recommendations for periodic breast cancer screening in older women.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Prevalence of diabetes in Mexican Americans, Cubans, and Puerto Ricans from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-1984.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes among Mexican Americans, Cubans, and Puerto Ricans in the United States and compare these estimates to data from prior surveys for U.S. non-Hispanic whites and blacks. Data for this study are from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a multipurpose cross-sectional survey of three U.S. Hispanic populations conducted in 1982-1984. The interviewed sample of people aged 20-74 yr included 3935 Mexican Americans in the southwest, 1134 Cubans in Florida, and 1519 Puerto Ricans in the New York City area. The diabetes component consisted of interview questions on diabetes diagnosis and treatment and an oral glucose tolerance test administered to a subsample. The prevalence of diabetes was two to three times greater for Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans than for non-Hispanic whites surveyed in 1976-1980. In Cubans, the prevalence was similar to that for non-Hispanic whites. In men and women 45-74 yr of age, the prevalence of diabetes was extremely high for both Mexican Americans (23.9%) and Puerto Ricans (26.1%) compared with Cubans (15.8%) or non-Hispanic whites (12%). The total prevalence of diabetes was not significantly different for Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans but was significantly lower for Cubans. The relatively lower prevalence of diabetes among Cubans and the high prevalence in both Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans may be related to socioeconomic, genetic, behavioral, or environmental factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Patterns of cigarette smoking among Hispanics in the United States: results from HHANES 1982-84.

In the 1982-84 Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the prevalence of cigarette smoking was examined among Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans in the United States. Among 20-74 years olds, the age-adjusted smoking rates for Mexican American, Puerto Rican, and Cuban American men were high--42.5, 39.8, and 41.6 percent, respectively. Quite striking among Cuban American men was the high smoking rate among 20-34 year olds (50.1 percent), the highest smoking rate in the three Hispanic groups compared. The age-adjusted smoking rates for Mexican American, Puerto Rican, and Cuban American women were much lower than those for men-23.8, 30.3, and 24.4 percent, respectively. Both Puerto Rican and Cuban American men were more likely to be heavy smokers (52.3 and 64.1 percent, respectively, smoking a pack or more a day) as compared to the Mexican Americans (33.8 percent smoking a pack or more a day). The pattern was the same for women, with Mexican American women being lighter smokers (18.8 percent smoking a pack or more a day) as compared to heavy smoking among Puerto Rican and Cuban American women (35.1 and 48.6 percent, respectively, smoking a pack or more a day). Given the health hazards of smoking, future research and intervention are required for those groups with high exposure to cigarette smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Lymphangiosarcoma and haemangiosarcoma in a cat.

Ultrastructural findings in a feline ventral abdominal vascular tumour showed lack of basal lamina, few micropinocytotic vesicles and intercellular junctions and a discontinuous endothelial cell layer. A splenic cyst had a continuous basal lamina, numerous micropinocytotic vesicles and intercellular junctions and a continuous endothelial cell layer. These findings were compatible with diagnosis of lymphangiosarcoma (ventral abdomen and metastases) and haemangiosarcoma (splenic cyst).

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Rose Questionnaire angina among United States black, white, and Mexican-American women and men. Prevalence and correlates from The Second National and Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.

The prevalence of Rose Questionnaire angina and its association with coronary heart disease risk factors and manifestations were investigated in representative samples of the US population. The study populations included 1,135 black and 8,323 white subjects aged 25-74 years examined in the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976-1980, and 2,775 Mexican-American subjects aged 25-74 years examined in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Mexican-American portion, 1982-1983. Age-adjusted prevalence rates of Rose angina were similar among black, white, and Mexican-American women (6.8%, 6.3%, and 5.4%, respectively). An excess in the prevalence of Rose angina was observed in women compared with men for white and Mexican-American persons under age 55 years, but not for those over age 55. Electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial infarction and self-reported heart attack were strongly associated with prevalent Rose angina among white men and women aged 55 years and over, but not among those below age 55. Serum cholesterol, body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2), current cigarette smoking, and dyspnea were independently associated with an increased risk of prevalent angina in multivariate logistic models for white women, excluding those with a prior heart attack. Because many younger women with chest pain who may consult physicians are likely to have elevations in cardiovascular risk factors, their self-reported chest pain can be used as an opportunity to intervene and reduce their future risk of cardiovascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Self-reported diabetes in Mexican Americans: HHANES 1982-84.

In the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) of 3,928 Mexican Americans ages 20-74 years, the age-adjusted prevalence of self-reported diabetes was 6.8 percent among men and 7.6 percent among women. Comparable age-adjusted rates for the US population in a national survey were 2.9 percent in men and 3.8 percent in women. The prevalence of diabetes in Mexican Americans is greater in older age groups, was similar in men and women, and among women only was inversely associated with education.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Electrocardiographic estimate of left ventricular mass versus radiographic cardiac size and the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in the epidemiologic follow-up study of the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

The prognostic value of a left ventricular (LV) mass index (g/m2) estimated from an electrocardiographic model and radiographic estimates of the relative heart volume (ml/m2) and cardiothoracic ratio for predicting the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality were investigated using Cox regression analysis to adjust for age, systolic blood pressure and history of heart attack in 1,807 men (1,609 white, 198 black) and 2,143 women (1,884 white, 259 black). The study population (ages 35 to 74 years at baseline) was followed from 5 to 12 years (average 9.5 years) for cardiovascular disease mortality. LV mass index and relative heart volume were independent predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality among white men. All 3 cardiac size estimates were independent predictors for cardiovascular disease mortality among white and black women. When LV mass index was used as a dichotomized variable to indicate the presence or absence of LV hypertrophy, the age-adjusted relative risk of cardiovascular disease mortality was 2.48 (95% confidence interval 1.77 to 3.46) for white men, 3.03 (1.49 to 6.16) for black men, 1.86 (1.21 to 2.87) for white women and 2.05 (0.83 to 5.05) for black women. The corresponding prevalence of LV hypertrophy was 15.4% for white men, 36.6% for black men, 20.1% for white women and 17.4% for black women. It is concluded that the electrocardiographic estimate of LV mass index can identify a substantially larger fraction of persons at increased risk for cardiovascular mortality than conventional electrocardiographic criteria for LV hypertrophy and that LV mass index estimated by electrocardiogram is a valuable supplement to radiographic cardiac size estimates in epidemiologic applications.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Nutrient intake, lipids, and lipoprotein cholesterols in black and white children: the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study.

Our specific aim was to assess differences in nutrient intake and in lipids and lipoprotein cholesterols between blacks and whites in 259 black children (129 boys, 130 girls) and in 811 white children (424 boys, 387 girls) ages 5-19. The nutrient intake data were obtained by 24-hr recall from the Houston and Cincinnati Lipid Research Clinics. The fundamental nutrient differences between blacks and whites were in total calories and in calories per kilogram of body weight, both of which were uniformly and significantly lower among black than white boys and generally, but less consistently and significantly, lower among black than white girls. No racial differences in total cholesterol or cholesterol intake per kilogram body weight were observed. After statistically controlling for education of the head of household, there were no consistent significant racial differences in Quetelet index. There was no significant independent effect of education of head of household on the children's caloric intake and racial differences in socioeconomic status did not appear to systematically account for differences in total energy intake. In aggregate, black children had lower triglyceride and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol than whites; there were no significant differences by race in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Race was a significant independent explanatory variable for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (higher in blacks) and for very-low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels (higher in whites) (P less than 0.005), after covariance adjusting for education of head of household, sex, age, Quetelet index, calories, saturated fat (g/day/kg body wt), and clinic. Lower caloric intake among blacks compared with whites, the major nutrient difference in the current study, did not account for differences in lipoprotein cholesterol levels between the two groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Health effects of sunlight exposure in the United States. Results from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1971-1974.

The dermatologic component of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 20,637), conducted from 1971 through 1974, documented the deleterious effect of ultraviolet radiation on selected skin and eye conditions. Actinic skin damage was more frequent in white men with high as compared with low sunlight exposure, 36.7% vs 23.3%, respectively. Among white women, the corresponding figures were 34.1% vs 18.6%, respectively. Actinic damage was found more often in individuals with light eye color. Basal cell epitheliomas were found in 11.3% of white men aged 65 to 74 years who had severely actinic-damaged skin as compared with 1.0% of those with undamaged skin. Sunlight exposure was positively associated with localized hypomelanism, localized hypermelanism, seborrheic keratoses, senile lentigines, freckles, acne rosacea, spider nevi, varicose veins, venus star, dry skin, wrinkled skin, pterygia, arcus senilis, and a variety of minor oral lesions of the tongue, palate, and buccal mucosa. These findings suggest that a large number of dermatologic conditions, which may in part result from overexposure to sunlight, may be preventable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Prevalence rates for scoliosis in US adults: results from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

National prevalence estimates of scoliosis in adults, based on the reading of 6594 chest X-rays from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, are presented by age, sex and race. Among US adults aged 25-74 years in 1971-75, the prevalence rate of scoliosis was 8.3%. The prevalence of scoliosis increased across age groups among women (p less than 0.001), but not among men. Women had about twice the prevalence of scoliosis as men; 10.7% versus 5.6% (p less than 0.001). Because scoliosis prevalence rates differed by age and sex, prevalence rates and means for scoliosis status subgroups were adjusted for age and sex. Blacks had a higher rate, although not statistically significant (using alpha = 0.10), of scoliosis than whites: 9.7% versus 8.1%. Bone density of the radius was lower for scoliotics than for non-scoliotics: (287.0 versus 294.0 aluminum equivalency units, p less than 0.001), suggesting a possible association between scoliosis and osteoporosis. The percentage with delayed menarche was higher for scoliotics than non-scoliotics: 37.8 versus 30.8% (p = 0.01). Scoliotic women also had a lower mean age of menstruation termination than non-scoliotic women: 43.4 years versus 44.8 years (p = 0.07). This is the first study to present national prevalence estimates for scoliosis among adults in the US.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Progress in the battle against hypertension. Changes in blood pressure levels in the United States from 1960 to 1980.

Intensive efforts by practicing physicians and public health workers to identify and treat persons with hypertension have been underway for many years. In this report, changes in blood pressure levels in the United States are assessed based on nationally representative health (and nutrition) examination surveys conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics in 1960 to 1962, 1971 to 1974, and 1976 to 1980. Analysis of age-adjusted data for adults aged 18 to 74 years (including those on antihypertensive medication) indicates that between the first and third surveys for whites and blacks, respectively, mean systolic blood pressure declined 5 and 10 mm Hg; the proportion of persons with systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher fell 18 and 31%; the proportion with undiagnosed hypertension decreased 17 and 59%; and the proportion taking antihypertensive medications rose 71 and 31%. These differences between the first and third surveys were all statistically significant (p less than 0.05 or better). Changes in diastolic blood pressure levels were generally not significant among race-sex groups. The proportion of persons with definite hypertension (i.e., systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 160 mm Hg, and/or diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg, and/or taking antihypertensive medication) declined among blacks but rose slightly among whites. Study results are consistent with the recent decline in cardiovascular disease mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The emerging prominence of computer electrocardiography in large population-based surveys.

The year 1987 marks the centennial of electrocardiography. As Beamish reminds us, it was the first and foremost technical aid to the cardiologist. During the history of cardiovascular epidemiology, which dates back roughly forty years, electrocardiography has played a central role as a relatively specific marker for coronary and hypertensive heart disease. The lack of sensitivity of electrocardiography and the advent of new technologies such as ultrasonography for assessment of such heart disease in cardiology and cardiovascular epidemiology has raised questions as to whether electrocardiography might be replaced in the next century. Recent developments in computer electrocardiography have rendered suggestions of the decreased importance of electrocardiography premature. Use of computer analysis of electrocardiograms in epidemiologic studies, which dates back less than three decades, has renewed interest in and expanded the role of electrocardiography in cardiology in general and cardiovascular epidemiology in particular. The computer analysis of electrocardiograms has allowed the processing and analysis of large numbers of electrocardiograms in a rapid, efficient, systematic and consistent manner. This has led to new, more sensitive criteria for detection of left ventricular hypertrophy as a discrete variable. In addition, the numerous waveform amplitude and duration measurements by computer have allowed the development of mathematical models to express the likelihood of coronary heart disease (myocardial infarction) and degree of left ventricular hypertrophy (estimates of left ventricular mass) on continuous scales. These developments have contributed substantially to the potential of electrocardiography (and particularly computer electrocardiography) in future studies and clinical applications.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cardiomegaly↗