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Biomedical subjects

S Garnett

Publications and source records attributed to S Garnett.

17 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Clinical aspects of the overactive bladder and detrusor overactivity.

OBJECTIVE: The overactive bladder is a widespread medical condition with significant quality of life and financial impact. Despite this much remains unknown about the epidemiology and pathophysiology of this condition. This review gives an overview of the current knowledge base and the recent terminology changes approved by the international continence society. METHODS: Critical review of the literature regarding aetiology, epidemiology, urodynamic and clinical aspects of detrusor overactivity. Explanation of the recently adopted terminology. RESULTS: The term "overactive bladder" has replaced the term "unstable bladder", which held no intuitive meaning. "Detrusor overactivity" is the corresponding urodynamic term, replacing "detrusor instability" and "detrusor hyperreflexia". Knowledge regarding the epidemiology of the overactive bladder is limited. The myogenic and neurogenic theories of pathophysiology require further evidence. CONCLUSION: Massive research efforts are required into all aspects of this common chronic disease. The adoption of new ICS terminology will aid consistency in research.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Effects of gender, body composition and birth size on IGF-I in 7- and 8-year-old children.

We investigated the relationship between IGF-I, gender, height, weight, body composition and birth size in 260 healthy 7- and 8-year-old children (139 females). All children were born term at Nepean Hospital, Western Sydney. Body composition was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. IGF-I levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Girls had higher IGF-I levels than boys (20.2 +/- 6.5 nmol/l compared to 15.9 +/- 6.1 nmol/l, p < 0.001) but there was no correlation between age and IGF-I. IGF-I was positively correlated with height SDS (R(2) = 0.12), weight SDS (R(2) = 0.19), BMI SDS (R(2) = 0.18), total body fat (%) (R(2) = 0.14), and fat-free tissue/cm (R(2) = 0.03). After adjusting for gender and current weight, IGF-I-levels were inversely related to birth size - children with the lowest birth size and heaviest current weight had the highest IGF-I levels. This correlation between birth weight and IGF-I supports the hypothesis that the IGF-I axis is altered in babies who are small for gestational age.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1998

Uptake of screening for breast cancer in south Lancashire.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe and explain variation among general practices in the uptake of screening for breast cancer. DESIGN: Analysis of the variation in uptake of screening by general practice. Uptake rates are calculated and related to a social deprivation score created for each practice, and to the presence of at least one female general practitioner. SETTING: South Lancashire Health Authority, England. PATIENTS: All women aged 50-64 y registered with Lancashire Family Health Services Authority and resident in South Lancashire in 1988-1995. MAIN RESULTS: Variation in the uptake of screening for breast cancer during Round 1 of the national programme is explained partly by a deprivation score for each practice and by the presence of at least one female general practitioner. In Round 2 the deprivation index continues to explain variation, but the effect of a female GP has diminished. The number of hours worked by practice nurses has no effect on uptake of breast screening. CONCLUSIONS: Variation in the uptake of breast cancer screening is closely related to social deprivation. Results suggest that the presence of a female general practitioner has a beneficial effect on uptake.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Vitamin D receptor alleles predict growth and bone density in girls.

OBJECTIVES: Polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), collagen alpha I type I (Col I alpha I), and oestrogen receptor (ER) genes have been shown to account for some of the heritability of bone mineral density (BMD) in adults. This study examined this relation in prepubertal children. METHODS AND SUBJECTS: The relation between genotypes of VDR gene (Taq I, Bsm I, Fok I), Col I alpha I gene (Msc I), and ER gene (Pvu II) with areal BMD, volumetric BMD, and growth were examined in 114 (68 girls) healthy 7 year old, white children. RESULTS: The genotype of the VDR gene (Taq I) correlated with lumbar spine (L1-4) volumetric BMD in girls only, but at no other bone sites. In girls, VDR genotype affected areal BMD at all sites. After adjusting for height and weight, however, this effect was explained completely by the independent effect of the VDR genotype on growth. Girls with genotype TT, were 3.9 kg heavier and 4.1 cm taller than those with tt, but this relation was not present at birth. No relation was found between genotypes of the VDR gene (Fok I), Col I alpha I gene (Msc I), or ER gene (Pvu II) and BMD or growth variables. CONCLUSIONS: In prepubertal girls, VDR alleles contribute to lumbar spine volumetric BMD variance, but the areal BMD effect reflects the relation between areal BMD and growth. VDR alleles might affect postnatal growth regulation.

Alleles↗
PubMed1997

Dopamine D2 receptors quantified in vivo in human narcolepsy.

Assays in brain tissues from humans suffering from narcolepsy, and from genetically narcoleptic dogs have suggested that dopamine function may be disturbed in this condition. We have used the specific D2 receptor ligand N-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-spiperone and positron tomography to study a group of 6 well-characterized medication-free, HLA-DR2 DRW15 DW6-positive narcoleptic patients and a group of age- and sex-matched control individuals during life. We found no difference in striatal D2 receptor binding between these two groups. These results suggest that narcolepsy is not associated with alterations in D2 receptor density and affinity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Digestion, assimilation and metabolism of captive estuarine crocodiles, Crocodylus porosus.

1. Digestion, assimilation and metabolism of lean and fatty pork were studied in immature C. porosus. 2. Up to 92% of protein was digested but protein digestion was adversely affected by high levels of dietary fat. 3. Protein was catabolized in preference to fat, much of which was stored, although the ratio between metabolizable energy and protein retention was still 2.73 g/100 kJ. 4. 56.8% of ingested energy was stored, maintenance requirements taking as little as 7.7%. 5. Up to 13.8% energy was spent digesting and assimilating food.

Alligators and Crocodiles↗
PubMed1987

Evoked metabolic responses in the limbic-striate system produced by stimulation of anterior thalamic nucleus in man.

Six human subjects (5 male, 1 female, age 23.7 + 5.7 years) with incapacitating partial seizure disorders intractable to medical therapy have been treated by ongoing pulsed electrical stimulation of anterior nucleus of the thalamus. Four of the six patients have demonstrated statistically significant clinical control of the seizure disorder. One patient (D.L.) has been seizure-free for the last two years. In two of these six patients, it was possible to study not only electrophysiological activity of the brain, but also regional cerebral glucose metabolism by the (18F) 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose method, blood cortisol levels, and blood levels of valproic acid, diphenylhydantoin, and carbamazepine. Significant changes were seen during periods of stimulation compared with control periods without stimulation. These results imply that stimulation of the principal thalamic relay nucleus of the limbic system causes clinical, behavioral, cerebral metabolic, electroencephalographic, endocrinologic, and pharmacokinetic responses.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Striatal dopamine metabolism in living monkeys examined by positron emission tomography.

Positron emission tomography, using the dopa analogue [18F]6-fluoro-L-dopa, has been used to depict the neostriatum in living monkeys. The amount of 18F that accumulated preferentially in the striatum could be augmented by a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. Striatal 18F could also be discharged with reserpine. This is the first time that the regional distribution of a neurotransmitter has been demonstrated in monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Rapid identification of correctly located intracerebroventricular cannula in the rat.

We describe a radiographic technique to identify a correctly located cannula in the ventricular system of the rat brain during life. A suspension of thorium dioxide was infused into the left lateral ventricle through a cannula placed in the brain under stereotaxic guidance. Correctly located injections were identified by the presence of a distinct thorium shadow on lateral X-ray of the in situ brain. When 6-hydroxydopamine was co-injected with thorium the resultant depletion of striatal dopamine and the changes in a conditioned avoidance responses were correlated with the degree of spreading of thorium through the ventricular system.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗