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Biomedical subjects

S Gellert

Publications and source records attributed to S Gellert.

18 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Islet autoimmunity in infants with a Type I diabetic relative is common but is frequently restricted to one autoantibody.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: To determine the sequence of development of islet autoantibodies and their relation to HLA genes in infants at risk for Type I diabetes followed from birth. METHODS: We followed 357 (189 male, 168 female) infants, with a first degree relative with Type I diabetes for a mean of 3 years from birth. Human leukocyte antigen typing and assays for insulin autoantibodies (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADAb) and tyrosine phosphatase IA2 (IA2Ab) antibodies were done on cord blood, and venous blood was sampled every 6 months for IAA, GADAb and IA2Ab. RESULTS: We did not find any antibodies in 263 (73%) infants; 50 (14%) were positive for a single antibody once, 19 (5%) for a single antibody more than once and 25 (7%) for two or more antibodies. Of the latter, 10 (2.8% overall) were persistently positive; they had higher frequencies of HLA DR4 (p < 0.01) and HLA DR3, 4 (p < 0.05). Of the group persistently positive for two or more antibodies four infants developed diabetes. Insulin autoantibodies were the first ones to develop in 64% of infants with two or more antibodies. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: Infants with high risk HLA-DR alleles and multiple antibodies at high risk for diabetes were identified. A much larger group of infants had transient low level increases usually of a single antibody. Whereas transient low level positivity could be attributed to difficulties with assay technique and cut off levels for normality, the results overall support the phenomenon of transient 'self limited' islet autoimmunity in at risk infants.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Lack of association between duration of breast-feeding or introduction of cow's milk and development of islet autoimmunity.

The hypothesis that early exposure to cow's milk or lack of breast-feeding predisposes to type 1 diabetes remains controversial. We aimed to determine prospectively the relationship of, first, duration of exclusive breast-feeding and total duration of breast-feeding, and second, introduction of cow's milk protein as infant formula, cow's milk, or dairy products, to the development of islet antibodies in early life. Some 317 children with a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes were followed prospectively from birth for 29 months (4-73). Mothers kept a home diary and answered infant feeding questionnaires at 6-month intervals. No systematic feeding advice was given. Insulin autoantibodies (normal range <5.5%), anti-GAD antibodies (<5.0 U), and anti-IA2 antibodies (<3.0 U) were measured at 6-month intervals. Cox proportional hazards model of survival analysis detected no significant difference between children who did not develop islet antibodies (225 of 317 [71%]), children with one islet antibody raised once (52 of 317 [16.4%]), children with one antibody raised repeatedly (18 of 317 [5.7%]), or children with two or more antibodies raised (22 of 317 [6.9%]), in terms of duration of exclusive breast-feeding, total duration of breast-feeding, or introduction of cow's milk-based infant formulas, cow's milk, or dairy products (relative risk: 0.91-1.09). Four of the children with two or more islet antibodies developed type 1 diabetes. We conclude that there is no prospective association between duration of breast-feeding or introduction of cow's milk and the development of islet autoimmunity in high-risk children.

Aging↗
PubMed1998

Malaria prevalence and outcome in the in-patients of the Paediatric Department of the State Specialists Hospital (SSH), Maiduguri, Nigeria.

Of 4651 admissions between February 1995 and February 1996, 1043 had a presumed diagnosis of malaria. Six hundred and twenty-seven cases were confirmed by thick blood film examinations. The highest prevalence was in October (124/480 admissions) and the lowest in March (12/303). Sixty-five children died while 562 survived, 12 with defects. The first treatment in 422 children was chloroquine, in 143 quinine, in 59 halofantrin, and in three pyrimethamine with sulfadoxine (Fansidar). 23/422 patients started on chloroquine were switched to halofantrine, two to quinine. A higher mortality was associated with coma, convulsions, hepatosplenomegaly, pulmonary congestion, jaundice, haemoglobinuria, bladder paralysis, anuria. Anaemia and fever were more severe and hypoglycaemia more frequent in children who died than in children who survived (packed cell volume 18.5 +/- 7.1 per cent vs. 25.6 +/- 7.6 per cent, p < 0.001; temperature 39 +/- 1.1 degrees C vs. 38.7 +/- 0.9 degrees C, p < 0.05; random blood sugar < 40 mg/100 ml; 76 vs. 22 per cent, p < 0.01). There was no difference in the median age, pretreatment duration, and prevalence of diarrhoea and sickle cell disease. The male to female ratio was 1.5:1 in the surviving children vs. 1:1.03 in the dead.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1996

Donor age and graft function.

We evaluated survival and renal function of cadaveric donor grafts according to donor age. The median age of the pediatric donors was 7.0 (0.7-16) years in 46 patients [median age 11.8 years (range) 3-16.8 years]. The median age of the adult donors was 34.4 (19-54) years in 59 patients [median age 12.1 years (range) 7-17.3 years]. Thirty patients were treated with azathioprine and prednisolone and 75 with cyclosporine A and prednisolone. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) were determined by the clearances of 51chromium-EDTA and 125iodine-hippurate 1-48 months after kidney transplantation. There was no difference in graft survival between pediatric and adult grafts. There were also no differences in GFR in patients receiving grafts from pediatric or adult donors; 2-3 months after transplantation the GFR in recipients of pediatric grafts was 62 +/- 20 ml/min per 1.73 m2 compared with 61 +/- 21 in those receiving adult grafts. The ERPF in recipients of adult grafts was significantly higher in the 1st month after transplantation: 486 +/- 239 versus 362 +/- 158 ml/min per 1.73 m2. From the 4th to the 6th month after transplantation this difference disappeared: the ERPF of grafts from pediatric donors was 279 +/- 131 ml/min per 1.73 m2 compared with 273 +/- 123 ml/min per 1.73 m2 in grafts from adult donors. Using the single-kidney GFR and ERPF on an age-matched group of probands with minor diseases as references, 2-3 months after transplant the mean GFR of grafts from pediatric donors increased to 118% +/- 51%, whereas the GFR of adult donor grafts fell to 60% +/- 22% over the same period. After 4-6 months the ERPF in pediatric grafts was 96% +/- 55% compared with 50% +/- 22% in adult grafts. We conclude that graft survival and function in children with either a pediatric or an adult graft may not differ because graft function adapts to the requirement of the recipient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Effects of PUVA therapy on kidney allografts: results of a randomized prospective double-blind study.

After successful experimental organ transplant studies on the efficacy of PUVA therapy combining donor pretreatment with the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen (P) and the ex vivo irradiation of organs with long-wave ultraviolet light (UVA) prior to transplantation, we started in 1989 the first randomized, prospective, double-blind study to clarify the efficacy of PUVA therapy in human kidney transplantation. This study included 50 kidney donors, 25 of whom were PUVA-treated. A total of 75 kidneys were transplanted in Berlin, Halle and Rostock. The complete data of these 75 recipients were available for the final evaluation. The PUVA group (n = 36) and the non-PUVA group (n = 39) were not statistically significantly different as to donor and recipient data. Regarding the results, no differences were seen in initial hospitalization time, early graft function, rejection rate, number and time of rejection episodes. After a follow-up of 24 months, both graft survival (PUVA vs. non-PUVA: 75% vs. 71.8%) and patient survival (97.2% vs. 97.4%, respectively) were comparably high. PUVA therapy did not influence the development of vascular rejection. Interestingly, the rate of late graft loss after the 6th posttransplant month was lower, but not statistically significantly so, in the PUVA than in the non-PUVA-group (2 vs. 6 graft losses). Thus, PUVA-pretreated kidneys may be associated with a reduced development of chronic rejection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[The behavior of serum "liver enzyme" activity in children with chronic renal failure, hemodialysis and kidney transplantation].

Liver enzymes were measured in 24 children with different degrees of renal insufficiency, in 6 children treated by chronic hemodialysis and in 13 children after kidney transplantation. The hemodialyzed and transplanted patients have the highest ALAT activity, independently of the presence of a liver infection. The AP activity in these patient groups were not different from the reference value. The activity of ALAT, GGT and CHE, respectively were most pathologic in the hemodialysis group. The enzyme activities have not been influenced by a single dialysis and a 6-month dialysis course. In uremic and chronic hemodialyzed patients the enzyme combination of ALAT, GGT and CHE has been recommended in the diagnosis and follow-up control of a liver cell damage. In the evaluation of enzyme activities in comparison with reference values of healthy volunteers an enzyme inhibition by the uremic serum should considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Metabolic changes in bones and modification of growth in children with chronic renal failure, dialyzed and with kidney transplant].

Forty to fifty percent of the children with chronic renal insufficiency show a growth retardation. The cause of this disorder is supposed on the cellular level of the target organ bone. Objective prospective studies on the growth characteristics of children with chronic renal insufficiency after dialysis and transplantation, respectively, are necessary in consideration of the internal milieu and external influences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Arteriovenous interposed prostheses in children for dialysis of allogenic, aldehyde preserved, form-fixed veins with silicone-coated inner surfaces].

Arterio-venous shunts of new allogenic, aldehyde-preserved, form-fixed saphena with silicone-coated inner surfaces were applied to the upper arms of seven children aged between four months and ten years. Two children died of open shunt, and two transplants underwent thrombosis, within a follow-up period of 27 months. The causes of death and thrombosis were in no way related to the transplant material. Infection, aneurysm, and stenosis did not occur.

Angiography↗
PubMed1986

[Growth of transplanted kidneys].

Two or more years after a kidney transplantation were determined the GFR as 51Cr-EDTA-clearance and the effective renal plasma flow as 125J-hippuran clearance. In 14 children the results of the clearance with the HLA-identity (HLA-I), the quantity of the transfusion units (TU) received before the transplantation and the duration of the cold ischaemia time (CIT) were correlated. While with HLA-I and TU no connections could be proved, the results of the clearance seemed to be reversedly proportional to the CIT (r = -0.53 and -0.64 for GFR and ERPF) for a longer time after transplantation. Different age between donor and recipient shows worse results of clearance in the group of the adults who received a kidney of a child, in contrast to the other three possible combinations of the kidney transplantation.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Initial results of tm-PAH studies in children with kidney transplants].

In 15 children 2 months to 5 years after a transplantation of a cadaver kidney the renal function was determined by means of a clearance- and Tm-PAH-examination. Only in 4 children the Tm-PAH reached the normal value of a kidney. The calculation of the glomerulo-tubular balance results in increased values. The result for the relative tubular blood supply is normal. Compared with the values of children with an overcome haemolytic-uraemic syndrome or with a chronic glomerulonephritis or pyelonephritis shows that the renal function in children who underwent a transplantation similarly behaves as in a chronic pyelonephritis.

Aminohippuric Acids↗
PubMed1984

[A new method for the determination of the maximal tubular transport of p-aminohippuric acid without urine analysis in children with transplanted kidney].

For the clearance investigations of children who underwent renal transplant operations methods without indwelling catheters in the urinary bladder are necessary. The determination of GFR and ERPF takes place by means of single injection of radioactively labelled clearance substances. The maximum tubular secretory function may be established by means of the Tm PAH. Up to now for this purpose the quantitative determination of PAH in the urine was necessary. By means of an on principle other method by determination of the 125J-hippuran clearance under infusion of PAH the Tm-PAH may be indirectly calculated without investigation of the urine. In nine children with renal diseases the parallel determination was performed with classical and new method (r = 0.89, p less than 0.01), in order to prove the good correspondence of the results of the two methods. The Tm PAH in seven children who underwent renal transplant operations shows at first an at ERPF relatively decreased, after several years a relatively increased Tm PAH.

Aminohippuric Acids↗