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Biomedical subjects

S Ghosh

Publications and source records attributed to S Ghosh.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Isolation of a cDNA clone for beta 1-4 galactosyltransferase from embryonic chicken brain and comparison to its mammalian homologs.

Based on the observed biochemical and immunological similarities between bovine beta 1-4 galactosyltransferase (GalT) and a developmentally regulated galactosyltransferase (GalT-4; UDP-Gal:Lc3 beta 1-4 GalT) from embryonic chicken brain, a genetic similarity between the two enzymes has been postulated. To test our hypothesis, we have employed a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)based approach and isolated a approximately 600 bp cDNA clone from embryonic chicken brain mRNA. Our results indicate that, within the approximately 600 bp fragment, the avian cDNA nucleotide sequence is 74% homologous to the human beta 1-4 galactosyltransferase cDNA. Similarity and identity between the predicted amino acid sequences of the two galactosyltransferases are 75% and 61%, respectively. Similar to its mammalian counterparts, the embryonic chicken brain galactosyltransferase gene appears to encode multiple mRNA transcripts (2.3 and 1.4 kb) and shows multiple bands on a Southern blot (18.6, 12.9, 10.5 and 3.7 kb) indicating that the avian gene is either polyexonic and/or it belongs to a multiple gene family.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Effects of guava intake on serum total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and on systemic blood pressure.

There is evidence that inclusion of high fiber foods such as oats, fruits and vegetables in the diet can decrease fat intake and modulate blood lipids. To test this hypothesis, 61 group A and 59 group B patients with essential hypertension were administered guava fruit preferably before meals in a foods-to-eat approach rather than foods-to-restrict, in a randomized and single-blind fashion for 12 weeks. At entry into the study, mean age, male sex, mean body mass index, percentages of risk factors and mean levels of blood lipids were comparable between groups A and B. Adherence to guava consumption was assessed by questionnaires and weighing of guava intake by 24-hour recall after 12 weeks of follow-up. Nutrient intakes including saturated and total fat were significantly decreased; carbohydrates, total and soluble fiber and vitamins and mineral intakes were significantly higher in group A than in group B at 12 weeks. There was a significant net decrease in serum total cholesterol (9.9%), triglycerides (7.7%) and blood pressures (9.0/8.0 mm Hg) with a significant net increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (8.0%) after 12 weeks of guava fruit substitution in group A than in group B. By adding moderate amounts of guava fruit in the usual diet, changes in dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates may occur, providing significant amounts of soluble dietary fiber and antioxidant vitamins and minerals without any adverse effects. There is a greater decrease in lipoprotein metabolism and blood pressures.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1992

Effect of fat-modified and fruit- and vegetable-enriched diets on blood lipids in the Indian Diet Heart Study.

This study was designed to test the efficacy of the administration of fruits and vegetables for 12 weeks as an adjunct to a prudent diet in decreasing blood lipids in 310 (intervention; group A) and 311 (control; group B) patients with risk factors of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a parallel, single-blind fashion. At entry to the study, sex, mean age, body weight, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and blood lipoproteins were comparable between both groups. Tasty fruits and vegetables were given to patients to eat before major meals for better nutrient adherence and adequacy. Dietary intakes were determined by questionnaires and by weighing of fruit and vegetable intake. Fruits and vegetables decreased total cholesterol level by 6.5% and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level by 7.3% in group A, whereas the levels were unchanged in group B. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels that decreased during the diet stabilization period in both groups, increased by 5.6% in group A after 12 weeks. Serum triglycerides also decreased (7%) more in group A than B. Fasting blood glucose decreased by 6.9% in group A and by 2.6% in group B. The combined effect of a fat-modified diet plus fruits and vegetables was greater than these changes. Because tasty fruits were taken by the patients before meals (when they are hungry) and are easily available at reasonable cost in our marketing and buying capacity, the compliance was excellent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1992

Randomised controlled trial of cardioprotective diet in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction: results of one year follow up.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether a fat reduced diet rich in soluble dietary fibre, antioxidant vitamins, and minerals reduces complications and mortality after acute myocardial infarction. DESIGN: Randomised, single blind, controlled trial. SETTING: Primary and secondary care research centre for patients with myocardial infarction. SUBJECTS: 505 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Those with definite or possible acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina based on World Health Organisation criteria were assigned to diet A (n = 204) or diet B (n = 202) within 24-48 hours of infarction. INTERVENTIONS: Both groups were advised to follow a fat reduced diet. Group A was also advised to eat more fruit, vegetables, nuts, and grain products. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mortality from cardiac disease and other causes. Serum lipid concentrations and compliance with diet. RESULTS: Blood lipoprotein concentrations and body weight fell significantly in patients in group A compared with those in group B (cholesterol fell by 0.74 mmol/l in group A v 0.32 mmol/l in group B, 95% confidence interval of difference 0.14 to 0.70, and weight by 7.1 v 3.0 kg, 0.52 to 7.68). The incidence of cardiac events was significantly lower in group A than group B (50 v 82 patients, p less than 0.001). Group A also had lower total mortality (21 v 38 died, p less than 0.01) than group B. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive dietary changes in conjunction with weight loss immediately after acute myocardial infarction may modulate blood lipoproteins and significantly reduce complications and mortality after one year.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Chromosomal alterations and sister chromatid exchanges induced by zirconium oxychloride in human lymphocytes in vitro with relation to age of donors.

Aqueous solutions of zirconium oxychloride were added to human peripheral blood lymphocyte culture. Cultures were set up from healthy donors of both sexes belonging to age groups of 0-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50 and 51-60 years. Airdried Giemsa schedule was followed for preparation of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei count. Flourescence plus Giemsa staining techniques were applied for the study of sister chromatid exchange. The endpoints screened were chromosome and chromatid breaks, dicentrics and rearrangements. The frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges induced were compared between the samples of different age groups. The frequency of CA could not be related to age of the donor. However, the frequency of SCE increased with increase in age of female donor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Structural response of the hamster Sertoli cell to hypophysectomy: a correlative morphometric and endocrine study.

Reproductively active hamsters were hypophysectomized and examined 6 or 20 days later in a combined morphometric and endocrine study of the Sertoli cell to determine 1) the morphological and endocrine effects of hypophysectomy of both short- and long-term duration, 2) if regression of Sertoli cells after hypophysectomy in a seasonal breeder resembles regression due to seasonal changes, and 3) if effects of hypophysectomy in a seasonal breeder are equivalent to the effects of hypophysectomy in a nonseasonal breeder. Six days after hypophysectomy, at a period when germ cell degeneration is first noted, there was a significant decrease in testis weight, interstitial space, tubule diameter and length, volume of seminiferous tubule, and tubular lumen. There were no significant changes in Sertoli cell nuclear and cytoplasmic volume although cell surface area was decreased significantly. Most organelles exhibited no significant change in volume or surface area except for secondary lysosomes which expectedly increased in volume as the result of phagocytosis of germinal cells. Thus at an early time period when functional changes in germ cells and Leydig cells are clearly evident (Russell et al. [1992] Endocrinology), the Sertoli cell shows minimal changes. Twenty days after hypophysectomy, the cell, nuclear and cytoplasmic volumes and surface area of the Sertoli cells, and volumes and surface areas of nearly all organelles were significantly decreased from values measured in normal and in short-term hypophysectomized hamsters. The exceptions were the total volumes of lipid which increased significantly and lysosomes which were similar to normal but significantly lower than short-term hypophysectomized animals. The long-term hypophysectomized hamster Sertoli cell, like that of the short-day hamster (Sinha Hikim et al. [1989b] Endocrinology, 125:1829-1843) is structurally regressed as a whole rather than exhibiting selective decreases in cellular and subcellular components. The size of the Sertoli cell in pituitary-intact, long- and short-term hypophysectomized animals showed positive and significant correlations with the volumes and surface areas of all its cytoplasmic organelles except the volume of lipid which showed a negative, significant correlation. Comparisons of long-term hypophysectomized hamsters (in long-day light exposure) and short-day exposed animals (Sinha Hikim et al. [1989b] (Endocrinology, 125:1829-1843) suggested that hypophysectomy, in general, resulted in similar, but slightly more severe regressive changes in the testis and germ cell population than those seen during seasonal regression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Crystal structures of a new oral iron chelator, 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridone, and its solvates with acetic acid and formic acid.

The crystal structures of a new oral iron chelator, 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridone (DMHP), and of its 1:1 solvates with formic acid (DMHP,F) and acetic acid (DMHP,A) were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The data were collected at temperatures of 23 +/- 1 degrees C for DMHP, -64 +/- 1 degrees C for DMHP,F, and -120 +/- 1 degrees C for DMHP,A. The iron chelator DMHP is orthorhombic [Pbca, a = 7.290(5) A, b = 13.046(4) A, c = 13.748(6) A, Z = 8]. The DMHP molecules form centric dimers, each in a 10-membered ring in which the OH group of one molecule is hydrogen-bonded to the CO oxygen of the other [O-H...O; 0.91(4) A, 153(3)degrees, 1.85(4) A]. In each DMHP molecule, the OH group and CO oxygen are insignificantly intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded [O-H...O; 0.91(4) A, 107(3)degrees, 2.33(4) A]. DMHP,F is monoclinic [C2/c, a = 21.825(9) A, b = 3.811(5) A, c = 20.491(6) A, beta = 92.80(3)degrees, Z = 8]. The fundamental intermolecular and insignificant intramolecular hydrogen-bonded dimer structure of DMHP is maintained but is distorted and is supplemented by hydrogen bonds between the CO oxygen of each DMHP molecule and the OH group of one formic acid molecule [O-H...O; 0.99(5) A, 176(3)degrees, 1.53(4) A]. However, the two DMHP and the two formic acid molecules are twisted out of plane like the blades of a four-bladed propeller. DMHP,A is triclinic [P1, a = 8.458(2) A, b = 8.471(2) A, c = 6.986(3) A, alpha = 104.33(2)degrees, beta = 92.57(2)degrees, gamma = 88.78(2)degrees, Z = 2].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetates↗
PubMed1992

Responses of cat ventroposterolateral thalamic neurons to vibrotactile stimulation of forelimb footpads.

Responses of neurons in the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus to vibration applied to the forelimb footpads were analyzed in anesthetized cats in order to describe the signalling properties of thalamic neurons that received input from the different classes of tactile afferents innervating the glabrous skin of the distal forelimb. Seventy-six thalamic neurons, the majority of which (60 of 76) were positively identified as thalamocortical projection neurons, were classified into two broad groups according to their responses to 1-s step indentations of the skin. A minority (24%) comprised neurons that had slowly adapting (SA) responses, whereas the remainder (76%), the dynamically sensitive neurons, had transient responses to the onset and offset phase of the step and were further classified according to their sensitivity to cutaneous vibrotactile stimuli into those activated by low-frequency vibration (rapidly adapting, RA, neurons) and those activated by high frequencies (Pacinian afferent, PC, neurons). Thalamic RA neurons displayed phaselocked responses to vibration at frequencies up to approximately 100 Hz, while PC neurons displayed phaselocked responses to vibration up to 400-500 Hz. Thalamic SA neurons varied in their responses to vibrotactile stimuli; half were most sensitive to vibration frequencies of 50 Hz or less, while the others responded over a broader range of frequencies. Although three major classes of footpad-related thalamic neurons were identified, there was evidence of convergent input to a small proportion of them. The study demonstrates that thalamic neurons have the capacity for responding to cutaneous vibration with phaselocked, patterned impulse trains, which would enable them to encode information about vibrotactile frequencies up to approximately 300 Hz.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1992

The non-dosage compensated LSP1-alpha gene of Drosophila melanogaster lies immediately downstream of the dosage compensated L12 gene.

The X-linked gene LSP1-alpha of Drosophila melanogaster, expressed in the third larval instar, does not exhibit dosage compensation at its normal locus but does compensate when it is relocated to ectopic sites on the X chromosome. A transcription unit designated L12, which is active in the second larval instar and capable of encoding a putative protein of 28.5 kDa, lies immediately downstream from LSP1-alpha. We have determined that L12 is dosage compensated by measuring the steady-state level of its transcript in male and female larvae. The difference in response of these two adjacent genes should be taken into consideration when models of the mechanism of dosage compensation are formulated.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Interaction between two group IV metals--lead and zirconium--in bone marrow cells of Mus musculus in vivo.

The interaction between two group IV metals, the highly toxic lead and the relatively inactive and low toxic zirconium, was studied in the bone marrow chromosomes of Mus musculus in vivo. Low and high doses of zirconium oxychloride were fed orally to the experimental mice (i) 2 h before, (ii) 2 h after or (iii) together with different doses of lead nitrate. Protection against lead-induced clastogenicity was observed only when the lower dose of zirconium was administered prior to lead. All other combinations gave an additive or synergistic effect as was seen by significant increases in the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Zirconium. An abnormal trace element in biology.

The action of Zirconium (Zr) on biological systems presents an enigma. It is ubiquitous, being present in nature in amounts higher than most trace elements. It is taken up by plants from soil and water and accumulated in certain tissues. The entry into animal systems in vivo is related to the mode of exposure and the concentration in the surrounding environment. Retention is initially in soft tissues and then slowly in the bone. The metal is able to cross the blood brain-barrier and is deposited in the brain and the placental barrier to enter milk. The daily human uptake has been known to be as high as 125 mg. The level of toxicity has been found to be moderately low, both in histological and cytological studies. The toxic effects induced by very high concentrations are nonspecific in nature. Despite the presence and retention in relatively high quantities in biological systems, Zr has not yet been associated with any specific metabolic function. Very little information is available about its interaction with the compounds of the genetical systems, such as nucleic acids. Apparently, the metal is neither an essential nor toxic element in the conventional sense. However, the increasing exposure to this element through its increasing use in new materials and following radioactive fallout, has increased the importance of the study of its effects on living organisms. The tetravalent nature of the ionic state and the high stability of the compounds formed are important factors that need to be considered, as also the accumulation of this element in the brain, reminiscent of the relationship between Al3+ and Alzheimer's disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Isolation of a cDNA encoding a glutathione S-transferase (GST) class-pi from the bovine ocular ciliary epithelium.

We have used a polyclonal antiserum to bovine ciliary epithelium, a secretory tissue involved in the formation of aqueous humor, to immunoscreen a directional lambda gt11 Sfi-Not cDNA expression library prepared from bovine ciliary epithelium poly(A)+ RNA. After immunoscreening 6 x 10(5) independent clones, 41 cDNA clones positive for ciliary epithelium were isolated and characterized. About one-third of the positive cDNA clones were found to be identical and to encode a glutathione S-transferase (GST) class-pi. The largest bovine GST cDNA clone isolated, pCN11, contains an open reading frame of 630 bases, encoding a protein of 210 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 23,335 Da. The corresponding amino acid sequence showed an overall identity of 85.6% with the human, and 85.2% with the rat and mouse GST class-pi. Northern analysis of bovine ocular tissues revealed that the GST class-pi gene encodes a 0.8-kilobase mRNA which is expressed most abundantly in cornea, ciliary epithelium and retina, and in lower levels in iris and lens. Cell lines derived from non-pigmented or pigmented bovine ciliary epithelium also showed high levels of GST-pi mRNA expression. These results provide additional evidence for differential gene expression of GST class-pi mRNA in various areas of the bovine eye.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

HSV-1-inducible proteins bind to NF-kappa B-like sites in the HSV-1 genome.

Several putative NF-kappa B-binding sites in the ICP0 and Vmw65 herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) genes have been identified. Oligonucleotides encoding some of these sites bind specifically to purified NF-kappa B protein and an NF-kappa B-like protein in nuclear extracts of phorbol ester- or cycloheximide-induced human embryonic lung (HEL) cells. HSV-1 infection of HEL cells induced a nuclear factor that binds specifically to kappa B sites in the ICP0 and Vmw65 gene regions and comigrates with complexes formed by purified NF-kappa B. The HSV-1-inducible nuclear factor bound to the authentic immunoglobulin (Ig) kappa B site. Transient expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) plasmids containing two copies of the Ig kappa B site upstream of the c-fos promoter (kappa B2-CAT) showed activity in HEL cells. HSV-1 infection of kappa B2-CAT-transfected HEL cells, however, induced a dramatic increase in CAT activity; mutation in the NF-kappa B-binding site of kappa B2-CAT abolished the inducibility of CAT gene expression. Our results demonstrate that the HSV-1 ICP0 and Vmw65 gene regions contain binding sites for NF-kappa B, and that HSV-1-inducible proteins bind to NF-kappa B-like sites in the HSV-1 genome.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Microsatellites for linkage analysis of genetic traits.

Microsatellites are tandem repeats of simple sequence that occur abundantly and at random throughout most eukaryotic genomes. Since they are usually less than 100 bp long and are embedded in DNA with unique sequence, they can be amplified in vitro using the polymerase chain reaction. Microsatellites are easy to clone and characterize and display considerable polymorphism due to variation in the number of repeat units. This polymorphism is sufficiently stable to use in genetic analyses. Microsatellites are therefore ideal markers for constructing high-resolution genetic maps in order to identify susceptibility loci involved in common genetic diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Intrasellar tuberculoma.

Intrasellar tuberculoma mimicking a secreting adenoma is a rare occurrence. Although clinical and radiological features were suggestive of pituitary adenoma, histopathological examination following surgery showed a tuberculoma. There were no clinico-radiological features pathognomonic of an intrasellar tuberculoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Quinalphos-induced suppression of spermatogenesis, plasma gonadotrophins, testicular testosterone production, and secretion in adult rats.

Quinalphos (O,O-diethyl-O-[quinoxalinyl-(2)-thionophosphate]) is a well-known organophosphorus insecticide used extensively in agriculture that adversely interferes with the activity of testicular steroidogenic enzymes in rats. To investigate its effects on spermatogenesis, the other function of testes, quantitative evaluation of different varieties of germ cells at stage VII of the seminiferous epithelium cycle, namely, type A spermatogonia (ASg), preleptotene spermatocytes (pLSc), midpachytene spermatcytes (mPSc), and step 7 spermatids (7Sd), along with the radioimmunoassay of plasma FSH, LH, testosterone, and testicular testosterone, were performed in Wistar rats following treatment with quinalphos (250 micrograms/kg, ip) for approximately one (13 days) and two cycles (26 days) of the seminiferous epithilium. Massive degeneration of all varieties of germ cells at stage VII, remarkable reduction in the sperm count, and significant reductions in plasma concentrations of FSH and testosterone, along with testicular testosterone, were observed after quinalphos treatment. Significant reduction in the plasma concentration of LH was observed only after treatment for two cycles. Administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin for 26 days in rats injected with quinalphos partially prevented the degeneration of germ cells and increased testosterone production. It is suggested that quinalphos may have a suppressive influence on gonadotrophin release but its direct detrimental action at the level of the testes may also be responsible for the observed changes in spermatogenesis and in testicular testosterone production in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Okadaic acid inhibits sister chromatid separation in mammalian cells.

Mitotic HeLa cells were treated with different concentrations of okadaic acid inhibiting phosphatase 2A activity alone or in addition to phosphatase 1 activity. Phosphatase 2A inhibition alone had no visible effect on mitosis, but inhibition of both phosphatase 1 and 2A produced mitotic abnormalities, including inhibition of anaphase mimicking the effect of colchicine. Recovery experiments in okadaic acid-free medium showed formation of diplochromosomes, indicating a failure of sister chromatid separation in the treated mitotic cells. The universality of the phosphatase 1 requirement in sister chromatid separation is discussed.

Chromatids↗