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To assess work fitness on a placement exam requires detailed assessment of repetitive manual capabilities specific for the job, ability to withstand static loading of the back and other muscle groups in the working position, and tolerance of the heat and humidity conditions of the work environment. Less specific tests, such as aerobic capacity stress tests, grip strength, and back examination may not accurately reflect the demands of repetitive job activities and, therefore, may not satisfy the legal requirements of Title VII. Only occasionally will a job analysis lead to the establishment of a concrete capacity standard against which a potential worker's fitness or risk for injury can be measured in the physician's office. The most valuable contributions of a careful, quantitative job analysis are likely to be the identification of particular anatomic structures (e.g., joints and muscles) that will be subjected to high stress and a clear understanding of the job so that reasonable accommodation of the worker or modifications of the job and workplace can be considered. In summary, the following observations can be made: 1. Intensity of effort, continuous duration of effort, and frequency of repetition are the key factors for evaluating the physical demands on muscle groups during work. 2. Intensity of effort can be estimated by using psychophysical scaling techniques and by obtaining ratings from several people. 3. Timing the effort and recovery times for specific muscle groups during a task of interest can be used to quantify the possible fatigue. It will also provide information about ways to improve the task to bring it within the capabilities of more people. 4. Total workload is most easily evaluated by using estimation methods or lists of comparable jobs and then performing a time-weighted calculation of the full shift's work requirements. The workload should be related to the aerobic capacities of the active muscles. 5. Environmental heat and humidity reduce work capacity and must be factored into any assessment of job suitability. 6. Psychological and perceptual job demands should be assessed by defining the requirements for multiple-task performance or monitoring and by evaluating the environment for visual or auditory work. Accountability without control in the job should also be identified. 7. Many of the factors that make jobs difficult can be remedied without extensive cost to the employer. The job-evaluation techniques given in this chapter can help to identify the most effective ways to make changes in the job requirements.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)