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Biomedical subjects

S H Schwartz

Publications and source records attributed to S H Schwartz.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Reaction time distributions and their relationship to the transient/sustained nature of the neural discharge.

Reaction time distributions (RTDs) were determined in response to near-threshold increments of long duration. Stimulus parameters were selected to isolate the chromatic and achromatic systems. The RTDs for the achromatic system peak sooner and are more narrow than those obtained for the chromatic system. These results are analyzed in terms of the neural discharge pattern of parvo and magno pathways.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

An unusual cause of respiratory alkalosis.

A 56-year-old man with a longstanding tracheostomy presented to the hospital with upper GI bleeding and was found to have a profound respiratory alkalosis. The cause of this patient's involuntary hyperventilation was hiccuping complicated by the absence of glottic closure.

Alkalosis, Respiratory↗
PubMed1989

Intergroup aggression: its predictors and distinctness from in-group bias.

Investigated predictors of intergroup aggression and its relations to in-group bias. In a questionnaire, 156 Israeli adults reported perceptions of their own religious group and of the ultraorthodox Jewish out-group and expressed aggression toward the ultraorthodox (opposing institutions that serve their needs, supporting acts harmful to them, and opposing interaction with them). Respondents showed in-group favoritism in trait evaluations, but this bias was unrelated to aggression. Perceived inter-group conflict of interests, the postulated motivator of aggression, predicted it strongly. The effects of conflict on aggression were partially mediated by 2 indexes of dehumanizing the out-group (perceived value dissimilarity and trait inhumanity) and by 1 index of probable empathy with it (perceived in-group-out-group boundary permeability). These variables related to aggression more strongly among persons who identified highly with their in-group. The variables also mediated the effects of religious group affiliation on aggression. The value dissimilarity finding supports derivations from belief congruence theory.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Value self-confrontation as a method to aid in weight loss.

The impact on weight loss of an adaptation of the Rokeach (1973) value self-confrontation method was investigated in a field experiment. This method confronts people who have ranked their own values with information about the value priorities that discriminate between a positive and a negative reference group. A preliminary study revealed that successful weight losers differ from unsuccessful weight losers in valuing "wisdom" more than "happiness." Eighty-seven overweight adults were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: value self-confrontation, group discussion, or non-treatment control. Value self-confrontation subjects lost more weight than the other subjects over 2 months, and this weight loss persisted for an additional year. Changes in value priorities during the first 2 months suggest that weight loss was mediated by an increase in the importance attributed to wisdom relative to happiness. Implications for the theory of value-behavior relations and for practical application in weight loss programs are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Treatment of status asthmaticus with halothane.

We describe two patients with status asthmaticus who did not improve with conventional treatment and remained severely bronchospastic when mechanically ventilated. Each had a prompt bronchodilator response to the administration of halothane. We discuss the potential benefits and the possible risks of this mode of therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Asthma therapy. Advantages and limitations of various approaches.

The physician who understands the various physiologic mechanisms that result in bronchospasm can choose the appropriate management approach. Recommended initial outpatient treatment of sporadic asthma consists of administration of an inhaled beta 2 agent, followed as necessary by a systemic beta 2 agent, a long-acting theophylline preparation, cromolyn, and inhaled ipratropium. Chronic steroid therapy should be used only after a trial of combination therapy with the foregoing drugs, and the daily dose of steroids should be minimized by use of a beclomethasone inhaler. Treatment of acute attacks depends on their chronicity and severity and on the medications the patient has already taken.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

On the feasibility of linking census samples to the National Death Index for epidemiologic studies: a progress report.

To test the feasibility of using large national probability samples provided by the US Census Bureau, a pilot project was initiated to link 230,000 Census-type records to the National Death Index (NDI). Using strict precautions to maintain the complete confidentiality of individual records, the Current Population Survey files of one month in 1973 and one month in 1978 were matched by computer to the 1979 NDI file. The basic question to be addressed was whether deaths so obtained are seriously underestimated when there is no Social Security Number (SSN) in the Census record. The search of the NDI file resulted in 5,542 matches of which about 1,800 appear to be "true positives" representing deaths, the remainder are "false positives." Of the deaths, 80 per cent would still have been detected without SSN in the Census record. The main reasons for missing deaths (false negatives) were discrepancies in the year of birth and in the given name. Assuming certain changes in the NDI matching algorithm, the 80 per cent figure could increase to 85 per cent or higher; however, this could also cause significant increases in the number of false positives. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and Census Bureau staff are currently developing a probabilistic method to eliminate false positives from the NDI output tape. The results of the pilot study indicate that a larger research project is clearly feasible.

Epidemiologic Methods↗
PubMed1982

Evidence for luminance and quasi-sustained color mechanisms.

Reaction time distributions were determined in response to near-threshold intensity increments predicted to isolate either the opponent-color or luminance system. The reaction time histograms show a clear distinction between when the chromatic and achromatic systems detect the stimulus. Our results are consistent with previous reports suggesting the achromatic system is more sensitive to higher temporal frequencies than the chromatic system.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1976

Bystander reactions to a violent theft: crime in Jerusalem.

Seventy-two male Israeli students were exposed to a violent crime in the course of a bogus discussion. Their awareness of other bystanders' lack of reaction to the emergency (social influence) and others' awareness of their actions (evaluation apprehension) were crossed in a 2 X 2 factorial design. An "alone" condition in which the subject was the only bystander controlled for the effects of others' mere presence (diffusion of responsibility). Helping was reduced by diffusion of responsibility and slowed by negative social influence but was increased by evaluation apprehension. Differences traceable to social influence appeared prior to those from the other processes. Implications of these findings for the measurement of helping and the interpretation of bystander decision making are discussed.

Awareness↗