PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

S Hathaway

Publications and source records attributed to S Hathaway.

14 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Food systems and the changing patterns of foodborne zoonoses.

This paper discusses food-borne zoonotic diseases by considering contemporary influences on food safety and examining pathogens at the human/animal interface. The authors also discuss the epidemiological surveillance of food-borne illnesses and the differences in disease statistics from one country to another. Before concluding with a number of recommendations, the paper highlights the importance of a collaborative approach to the prevention and control of food-borne diseases and discusses the need to co-ordinate the efforts of international agencies working in human health, animal health and food production. A regional case study is also included, in which the authors describe the food-borne disease situation in Latin America, as reported by surveillance systems in this region.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The use of scintigraphy to demonstrate the rapid esophageal transit of the oval film-coated placebo risedronate tablet compared to a round uncoated placebo tablet when administered with minimal volumes of water.

As our population ages, and the consumption of pharmaceutical products rises, the incidence of solid oral dosage forms lodging in the esophagus is likely to increase and may be formulation dependent. The aim of this study was to compare the esophageal transit of the commercial film-coated risedronate tablet and a round uncoated tablet resembling the alendronate 10 mg tablet which is reported to cause esophagitis if ingested with little to no water. Water volumes of 30 ml and 50 ml were selected as these volumes can detect formulations prone to esophageal adhesion and a habits and practice study showed that these volumes are within the range preferred by women (7-385 ml). A total of 28 healthy postmenopausal women completed the four-way crossover scintigraphy study. For both volumes of water, the film-coated placebo risedronate tablet had a statistically significant faster esophageal transit time than the uncoated placebo tablet (P=0.002 for 30 ml water and P<0.001 for 50 ml water). Among those taking the round, flat, uncoated tablet, five subjects had esophageal stasis (transit >20 s) and in three subjects the tablet remained in the esophagus at the end of the 10-min imaging period. No stasis was observed for the oval film-coated placebo risedronate tablet. This study demonstrates that tablet size, shape and coating are pharmaceutical parameters which can be controlled to minimize esophageal contact of a dosage form with esophageal tissue.

Calcium Channel Blockers↗
PubMed2001

Oesophageal transit, disintegration and gastric emptying of a film-coated risedronate placebo tablet in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and normal control subjects.

BACKGROUND: Risedronate sodium is a pyridinyl bisphosphonate, proven effective for the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and Paget's disease of the bone. AIM: To compare the oesophageal transit, disintegration and gastric emptying of the commercial film-coated risedronate tablet in subjects with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and normal control subjects. METHODS: A total of 30 subjects, 15 patients with GERD and 15 age- and sex-matched, normal control subjects, participated in a single-centre, open-label, comparative gamma scintigraphy study. The GERD subjects had active erosive oesophagitis within 4 weeks prior to dosing. RESULTS: The mean oesophageal transit (GERD, 4.4 s; controls, 3.1 s), mean disintegration (GERD, 21.8 min; controls, 19.2 min) and mean gastric emptying (GERD, 15.9 min; controls, 15.0 min) were similar in the two subject groups. The oesophageal transit is rapid and given the rapid disintegration and gastric emptying, oesophageal contact occurring via reflux of risedronate was unlikely since most, if not all, of the dosage form exited from the stomach within 30 min. CONCLUSIONS: The oval shape and film-coating on the commercial risedronate tablet promotes rapid oesophageal transit and minimizes oesophageal contact, even in the high-risk GERD population.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Risk assessment of organoleptic postmortem inspection procedures for pigs.

A systematic quantification of foodborne hazards in abnormal and normal tissues of pig carcases was undertaken to provide a risk-based assessment of the effectiveness of traditional organoleptic meat inspection. A total of 36,059 pigs, representing all major pig-producing areas and systems in Australia, were inspected on a seasonal basis at three abattoirs over 12 months. The prevalence of grossly detectable abnormalities of possible food-borne disease significance was recorded. A subset of the grossly detectable abnormalities, together with tissues classified by inspection as normal (controls) were submitted for the detection of a broad range of food-borne hazards. The potential exposure of consumers to hazards in fresh pork was characterised as the number of carcases per 10,000 containing hazards in selected tissues. The results indicated that the level of exposure of consumers to microbiological hazards in fresh pork is unlikely to be reduced significantly by the detection and removal of gross abnormalities in the tissues examined. On the basis of carcase throughput, the rate of contamination of normal lymph nodes was commonly 100 times higher, and no hazards were isolated from two types of grossly abnormal nodes. While further processing, cooking and handling may alter the exposure characterisation, the study nevertheless identifies the proportional contribution of abnormal and normal tissues to risks to consumers and clearly identifies the need for consideration of 'visual only' inspection in the re-evaluation of traditional inspection procedures.

Abscess↗
PubMed1999

Traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, and other alternative medicines for prostate cancer: an introduction and the need for more research.

There are several other alternative medicines apart from vitamins and minerals that the clinician should be aware of because they have grown in popularity in other fields of medicine. In time, these therapies should impact the arena of urologic oncology. Traditional Chinese Medicine, which includes acupuncture, is an area that has received some attention. The theory behind it can be quite daunting because it is so different from the theory behind Western Medical Science. In addition, exactly how acupuncture can be applied to a patient and its potential use in prostate cancer need to be addressed. Other herbal therapies for the patient experiencing symptoms related to a localized cancer diagnosis also need to be evaluated. St John's Wort for depression and Kava for anxiety are two examples of herbal alternatives that some prostate patients are inquiring about. Finally, Ginkgo biloba has received a great deal of attention in the media for erectile dysfunction, but there is a dearth of evidence in this area and the information that already exists can be misleading until further studies are conducted. Also, it is imperative that additional studies be performed in all of the above subjects as they relate to prostate cancer, but a general survey on alternative medicine use in urologic diseases is needed first before an adequate review of the most popular therapies can be published.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed1990

A study of the prevalence and economic significance of diseases and defects of slaughtered farmed deer.

A survey was undertaken in a deer slaughterhouse to record the diseases, defects, and productivity-related information that were detectable at postmortem meat inspection. A total of 4762 farmed deer were surveyed in 1988-89 over the period of highest throughput (October-January). Comparative data were drawn from a further two deer slaughterhouses and from national disease and defect statistics for slaughtered cattle. Farmed deer had a very different disease and defect status compared to cattle. Wounds and bruises dominated the disease and defect statistics, and resulted in an average loss of 26.9% in carcass value over all cases. In addition, most chronic pathological lesions were trauma-related. Tuberculosis was the only infectious disease of importance, and the prevalence of confirmed cases (0.38%) o was significantly higher than that in slaughtered cattle in New Zealand (0.07%). Average loss in carcass value for reactors and confirmed tuberculous cases was 74.7%.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Mineralocorticoids modulate central angiotensin II receptors in rats.

The effect of chronic administration of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) on the regulation of angiotensin II (AII) receptors in the brains of adult rats was compared with their drinking and pressor responsiveness to both peripheral and central administration of AII. Analysis of AII receptor binding in a block of tissue containing the hypothalamus, thalamus and septum (HTS) after treatment for 8 weeks with DOCA-salt (240 micrograms/kg/day) revealed a significant increase in the number of AII-binding sites compared to salt-loaded controls (Bmax 9.65 vs 6.80 fmol/mg protein) and no change in binding affinity (Kd). Significant increases in the drinking responses to peripheral (200 micrograms/kg) and central (10 ng) administration of AII were observed in these rats. Additional studies indicated that the pressor responses to either centrally (25 ng) or peripherally (20 micrograms/kg, s.c.) administered AII were augmented in DOCA-treated rats. The effect of mineralocorticoids on AII-binding sites was also investigated in primary neuronal cultures from the brains of one-day-old rats. Pretreatment of these cultures with either DOCA or aldosterone (ALDO) induced a time- and concentration-dependent increase in the specific binding of [125I]AII. Maximal increases in AII binding of 53 and 62% above control values were observed when cultures were treated with 500 pg of either ALDO or DOCA per milliliter of culture medium. Scatchard analysis of specific binding of [125I]AII in neuronal cultures treated with DOCA revealed a significant increase in Bmax but no change in Kd. Thus, mineralocorticoid hormones induce an increase in the number of AII-receptor binding sites in the HTS of rats which parallels physiological responses to both central and peripheral administration of AII. This relationship may be independent of the concentration of AII in the blood, since an increase in the number of AII binding sites was also observed in neurons cultured from the brains of one-day-old rats which had been treated with mineralocorticoid hormones.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1986

Physiologic responses to chronic dietary tyrosine supplementation in DOCA-salt-treated rats.

The antihypertensive effect of chronic administration of L-tyrosine (Tyr) was investigated in a two-part study. In the first experiment, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: control diet plus unilateral nephrectomy (Nphx) and 0.15 M NaCl (Sal) as the sole drinking solution (C-CTRL); control diet plus deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA, 268 micrograms/rat/day), Nphx, and Sal (C-DOCA); control diet supplemented with 2.5% L-p-Tyr plus Nphx and Sal (Tyr-CTRL), and Tyr plus DOCA, Nphx, and Sal (Tyr-DOCA). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased within 2 weeks after initiation of treatment with DOCA-salt and remained elevated throughout the duration (8 weeks) of the study (p less than 0.001). Dietary administration of Tyr to DOCA-treated rats failed either to affect SBP in normotensive rats or the elevation of SBP in DOCA-treated rats. Dietary supplementation with Tyr induced a significant elevation in urinary excretion of free dopamine (week 1, 3, 5, and 7) and a decreased excretion of free norepinephrine (week 1) without regard to DOCA treatment. Metabolic responsiveness (change in colonic temperature) and cardiovascular responsiveness (change in heart rate) to subcutaneous administration of the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, were significantly prolonged while alpha 2-adrenoceptor number (cerebral cortical membranes; 3H-yohimbine binding) was reduced in rats receiving Tyr. In the second experiment, similar rats were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: control diet plus Nphx and Sal, control diet plus Nphx, DOCA and Sal, and Tyr plus DOCA, Nphx, and Sal; however, Tyr was not started until DOCA-salt-induced hypertension developed (4 weeks). Neither acute (2.5 h post-meal) nor chronic (4 weeks) effects of administration of Tyr on SBP were noted. Thus, the Tyr-induced changes observed in these studies include a chronic increase in free dopamine, and a transient decrease in norepinephrine, excretion. No significant effects of Tyr on blood pressure of DOCA-salt-treated rats were observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Treatment, waste management and cost for removal of radioactivity from drinking water.

The processes (costs, efficiencies and reliability) used in treating drinking water for removal of radioactive contaminants and the disposal of wastes generated by the treatment processes are analyzed and discussed. The study was limited to U, Ra and Rn. Initially concepts of water and waste treatment in terms of their applicability to the drinking water industry were established. The alternative processes for treatment of Ra, U, Rn, water and sludges were described and evaluated, in terms of cost, efficiency, reliability, process control and feasibility.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1979

Evidence that the renal response to volume expansion involves a blood-borne factor.

The effect of blood volume expansion in immature rats by blood from infants (J to J expansion) and mature animals (A to J) has been studied. A to J expansion results in an increased renal response to expansion which is greater than J to J, but not as great as when mature animals are expanded with blood from other matures (A to A) or pooled blood from infants (J to A). A to A and J to A expansions show no significant differences in renal responsiveness. The lack of an immature response is not due to differences in animal hydration since 2.5% volume expansion is on the flat part of dose response curve. Part of the scatter of the adult response is related to absolute levels of GFR which might indicate the existence of a filterable natriuretic factor or, alternatively, a dependence of renal responsiveness on filtered load. These results are interpreted to indicate that mature rats contain a natriuretic factor or an inhibitor of an antinatriuretic factor which is blood borne and is probably secreted in blood volume expanded rats.

Age Factors↗