Biomedical subjects

S Hobo

Publications and source records attributed to S Hobo.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2001

Surfactant proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of horses: assay technique and changes following road transport.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for equine surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Anti-equine SP-A or SP-D monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were produced by hybridoma technology, purified by the antibody purification reagent, and analysed by Western blotting analysis. The immunoreaction (two-site sandwich ELISA) with a mAb, peroxidase-labelled mAb and BALF sample was carried out simultaneously and analytical recovery and precision were assayed. Six mAb for SP-A and four mAb for SP-D were successfully cloned in limiting dilution to monoclonality. These mAb were reacted with equine SP-A or SP-D on Western blotting analysis. For SP-A, a combination of solid-phase TA08 and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated WA28 was found to be more sensitive than other combinations, gave a good dose response and was capable of measuring 0.78 to 100 ng of protein/ml. For SP-D, a combination of solid-phase TD13 and HRP-conjugated WD19 was found to be more sensitive than other combinations, had a good dose response and was capable of measuring 0.78 to 200 ng of protein/ml. The assay was used to determine the effect of 41 hours of road transport on the concentrations of SP-A and SP-D in the BALF of 30 horses. The concentrations of SP-A and SP-D decreased by 55 per cent and 36 per cent, respectively, decreases similar to the decrease in phosphatidylglycerol concentration previously reported by the authors.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Freestanding and multiunit immediate loading of the expandable implant: an up-to-40-month prospective survival study.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The subject of immediate loading of dental implants has received substantial attention, although it appears to conflict with the basic principles of dental implant therapies developed and established over the past 20 years. Clinicians would welcome the use of a reliable, immediate-loading implant system. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an expandable implant design for immediate and delayed loading and for freestanding and multiunit situations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two hundred eighty-six immediate-load Sargon implants were placed in 75 patients during a 40-month period. Of the 273 implants that survived, 81 were placed into fresh extraction sockets and immediately loaded, 162 were placed into healed sites and immediately loaded, and 30 were delay loaded. Some implants that had failed to remain stable after immediate loading became stable and osseointegrated after the load was removed and their expansion mechanisms were reactivated. RESULTS: The overall survival rate during the 40-month period was 96.0% in the maxilla and 94.8% in the mandible. Implants placed in fresh extraction sockets showed a 98.9% survival rate. Healed sites showed a 93.9% survival rate. Immediate loading of 52 fresh extraction socket implants in the maxilla showed a 100% survival rate during the evaluation period. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, it was shown that the feature of mechanical expandability may provide operators some control over implant stability during the vulnerable period after immediate loading of single, freestanding implants.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Morphology of the nerve endings in laryngeal mucosa of the horse.

To discuss the significance of laryngeal sensation on various disorders of the horse, we studied the morphological and topographical characteristics of sensory structures in the laryngeal mucosa using immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy. Various sensory structures, i.e. glomerular endings, taste buds and intraepithelial free nerve endings, were found in the laryngeal mucosa by immunohistochemistry for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and neurofilament 200kD (NF200). Glomerular nerve endings were distributed mainly in the epiglottic mucosa; some endings were also found in the arytenoid region arising from thick nerve fibres running through the subepithelial connective tissue. Some terminals directly contacted the epithelial cells. Taste buds were distributed in the epithelium of the epiglottis and aryepiglottic fold. In the whole mount preparation, the taste buds were supplied by the terminal branching of the thick nerve fibres. In some cases, the taste buds were arranged around the opening of the duct of the epiglottic glands. The intraepithelial free nerve endings were found to be immunoreactive for substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). These nerve endings were surrounded by the polygonal stratified epithelial cells in the supraglottic region, and by the ciliated cells in the subglottic region. The density of the intraepithelial free nerve endings was highest in the corniculate process of the arytenoid region and lowest in the vocal cord mucosa. The densities of CGRP- and SP-immunoreactive nerve endings in the arytenoid region were (mean +/- s.d.) 30.6+/-12.0 and 10.0+/-4.9 per unit epithelial length (1 mm), respectively and in the vocal fold mucosa, 1.1+/-0.9 and 0.8+/-0.7, respectively. Approximately one half of the CGRP immunoreactive nerve endings were immunoreactive for SP, and most SP-immunoreactive nerve endings were also immunoreactive for CGRP. Well-developed subepithelial plexus with numerous intraepithelial fibres were observed in flat or round mucosal projections that existed on the corniculate process of the arytenoid region. In conclusion, the laryngeal mucosa of the horse seems to have morphology- and/or location-dependent sensory mechanisms against various endo-and exogenious stimuli.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Bronchoalveolar lavage for the diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia associated with transport in Thoroughbred racehorses.

To evaluate a hypothese that use of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for early treatment of pneumonia would improve their prognosis by reducing bacterial numbers and excessive numbers of neutrophils in the lung, initial experiences with BAL in the diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia were performed in 36 racehorses that became ill within 24 hr of long distance travel (1,200-1,600 km, 26-32 hr) by road. Comparisons were made of the outcomes of the 36 horses and those of 42 horses (81.0% recovered, 50.0% returned to racing) treated for transport associated pneumonia without BAL. The total amount of BAL fluid injected during hospitalization varied from 700 to 3,700 ml and the duration of antibiotic treatments ranged from 5 to 40 days. Clinical symptoms after lavages showed good results with no side effects. None of the horses required thoracic drainage. Horses treated with BAL required shorter period of antibiotic therapy, a greater percentage recovered (100%, 36/36) and a greater percentage returned to racing (77.8%, 28/36). Eight (22.2%) never raced because of lameness or other considerations.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Use of sevoflurane for anesthetic management of horses during thoracotomy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sevoflurane as an inhalation anesthetic for thoracotomy in horses. ANIMALS: 18 horses between 2 and 15 years old. PROCEDURE: 4 horses were used to develop surgical techniques and were euthanatized at the end of the procedure. The remaining 14 horses were selected, because they had an episode of bleeding from their lungs during strenuous exercise. General anesthesia was induced with xylazine (1.0 mg/kg of body weight, IV) followed by ketamine (2.0 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen delivered via a circle anesthetic breathing circuit. Ventilation was controlled to maintain PaCO2 at approximately 45 mm Hg. Neuromuscular blocking drugs (succinylcholine or atracurium) were administered to eliminate spontaneous breathing efforts and to facilitate surgery. Cardiovascular performance was monitored and supported as indicated. RESULTS: 2 of the 14 horses not euthanatized died as a result of ventricular fibrillation. Mean (+/- SD) duration of anesthesia was 304.9 +/- 64.1 minutes for horses that survived and 216.7 +/- 85.5 minutes for horses that were euthanatized or died. Our subjective opinion was that sevoflurane afforded good control of anesthetic depth during induction, maintenance, and recovery. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of sevoflurane together with neuromuscular blocking drugs provides stable and easily controllable anesthetic management of horses for elective thoracotomy and cardiac manipulation.

Anesthesia, General↗

PubMed1999

Is ventilation during maximal exercise limited by dynamic airway closure?

A study was undertaken to find if the reason why horses hypoventilate when running is that they experience expiratory flow limitation due to dynamic airway closure. To test this hypothesis, we measured peak expiratory flows on a Thoroughbred galloping on a treadmill and hypoventilating and compared those flows with the peak dynamically-limited flow that the same horse could achieve during a forced expiratory flow-volume manoeuvre. At the approximate lung volumes at which the horse was ventilating while running, it did not appear to be mechanically limited and appeared to have reserve capacity available potentially to increase its expiratory flow.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Changes in left ventricular dynamics during graded exercise.

Three mature Thoroughbred horses were prepared surgically with ultrasonic sonomicrometer crystals affixed to their ventricular pericardia. Signals from crystals recorded dimensions of axes across the left ventricle. Cubic algorithms were fitted to dimensional data to generate volume estimates that matched stroke volumes simultaneously measured using the Fick principle. As horses stood at rest or exercised at various intensities (approx 7, 12, 24, 47 and 100% maximal rate of O2 consumption VO2max[), left ventricular dimensions were recorded and 20 consecutive diastolic and systolic volumes calculated. Although Fick estimates detected no difference in stroke volume at different exercise intensities, sonomicrometer measurements of stroke volume were significantly lower at rest and higher at VO2max. These differences mirrored changes in end-diastolic volume, although end-systolic volume did not change. At all exercise intensities, stroke volume was most variable and end-diastolic volume the least. The pattern conforms to the Frank-Starling mechanism, and indicates that at high exercise intensities ventricular myocytes generate high pressures with higher myocardial wall stress due to the increased size of the chamber.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Cardiac output measurements using sonomicrometer crystals on the left ventricle at rest and exercise.

Eight horses were fitted surgically with 8 ultrasonic sonomicrometer crystals each attached to their left ventricular pericardia and a left atrial catheter. Three horses returned to treadmill performance with a maximum rate of oxygen consumption similar to their presurgical values. These horses were evaluated to determine how well sonomicrometer estimates of cardiac output agreed with those obtained by a steady-state method, the Fick principle. Variance between the 2 was similar to the coefficient of variation (approximately 12.5%) of the Fick estimates. We conclude that left ventricular sonomicrometer measurements in horses appear to give a reasonable estimate of ventricular dimensions and can, therefore, be used potentially to evaluate such variables as diastolic flow.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Chronological changes in superoxide-scavenging ability and lipid peroxide concentration of equine serum due to stress from exercise and transport.

It has been suggested that a variety of stresses on animals may accelerate their production of superoxide. Racehorses are considered to be exposed to substantial oxide stress due to transport and exercise for training and racing. To determine the effect of exercise and transport on racehorses in terms of superoxide and antioxidative ability, changes in the superoxide-scavenging ability of equine serum were observed using electron spin resonance (ESR). Changes in the concentration of lipid peroxide, which is produced in equine serum by superoxide, were also examined. The analysis revealed that lipid peroxide concentrations increased as a result of stress from exercise and transport. On the other hand, the superoxide-scavenging ability of equine serum showed a decline during transport, which is in sharp contrast to the increase seen immediately after a race due to the severe load exerted in exercise.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Measurement for breath concentration of hydrogen and methane in horses.

This study concerns the establishment of a simple testing method for breath concentration of hydrogen and methane in horses. Twenty-eight healthy thoroughbreds and 24 Arabians were used. Breath samples were collected using one-minute closed circulatory respiration through an aluminum bag filled with 10 liters of pure oxygen, which was mounted on the subjects by means of a face mask. Breath samples obtained, were analyzed by gas chromatography. A significant correlation in both hydrogen and methane levels was observed for samples collected at separate times. These findings confirmed the usefulness of our approach for testing breath concentrations of hydrogen and methane in horses.

Abdomen, Acute↗

PubMed1999

Transferability of cephalothin to the alveolar cavity in thoroughbreds.

Five Thoroughbreds were classified into 4 groups according to the administration method used for saline solution (saline), ambroxol, and cephalothin sodium (cephalothin). In group A, cephalothin was injected intravenously after oral administration of ambroxol. In group B, cephalothin was injected intravenously after oral administration of saline. Groups C and D were used as control groups. The dose of cephalothin or ambroxol was clinically administrated. Venous blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were sampled from each group. In groups A and B, cephalothin concentrations in plasma reached their maximum level 5 min after cephalothin administration and then declined over time. In plasma obtained from groups A and B, there were no significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters (T1/2, Kel, Vd). By contrast, cephalothin concentrations in BALF reached their peak at 180 min after cephalothin administration in both groups A and B and maintained a relatively high level even after 300 min. These findings indicate that cephalothin requires a relatively long period of time to move from the blood stream to the alveolar cavity, but once transferred to the alveolar cavity, it is preserved for a long time. In groups A and B, cephalothin concentrations in BALF were approximately at the same level. However, in group A, total protein in BALF was lower at 60, 180, and 300 min than the other groups. Then, cephalothin concentration was adjusted to total protein in BALF. After adjustment to total protein in BALF, group A showed a concentration level of cephalothin approximately 1.5-fold higher than that of group B. This suggests that the transferability of cephalothin to the alveolar cavity improves as a result of the oral administration of ambroxol.

Ambroxol↗

PubMed1999

Purification and biochemical characterization of pulmonary surfactant protein A of horses.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize surfactant protein isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of healthy horses. ANIMALS: 10 Thoroughbreds (5 males, 5 females; 26 to 40 months old) that did not have a history or clinical signs of respiratory tract disease. PROCEDURE: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained and centrifuged at 33,000 X g. Lipid was removed from precipitated fractions by means of extraction with 1-butanol, and organic solvent-insoluble protein precipitates were dialyzed against Tris buffer. The suspension was centrifuged, and supernatant was placed in a mannose-Sepharose affinity column, with calcium. The bound protein fraction was analyzed by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, western immunoblot analysis, and amino acid sequencing. A liposome-aggregation assay was also performed, using purified proteins. RESULTS: Protein isolated by use of mannose-affinity matrices was identified as surfactant protein A (SP-A). It had carbohydrate-binding and phospholipid-aggregation properties characteristic of SP-A isolated from other animal species. The partial primary sequence of the isolated protein had high homology with rat and human SP-A. Furthermore, the equine SP-A reacted with anti-human and anti-rat SP-A specific antibodies. CONCLUSION: Analysis of these findings indicated the existence of SP-A in pulmonary tissues of horses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Measurement of SP-A concentrations may be useful for clinicians evaluating pulmonary disease of horses.

Amidohydrolases↗

PubMed1999

Purification and biochemical characterization of equine pulmonary surfactant protein D.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize surfactant protein D (SP-D) isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of healthy horses. SAMPLE POPULATION: BALF from 10 Thoroughbreds (5 males, 5 females; 26 to 40 months old) without history or clinical signs of respiratory tract disease. PROCEDURE: BALF was obtained and centrifuged at 33,000 X g. The supernatant was applied to a mannose-Sepharose 6B affinity column in the presence of calcium, and the bound protein fraction was analyzed by use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblot analysis; amino acid composition was determined and partial sequencing was done. Phospholipid binding and liposome aggregation assay were performed, using purified proteins. RESULTS: The protein isolated by use of mannose affinity matrices was SP-D. It bound carbohydrates and phosphatidylinositol, which are the characteristic features of SP-D isolated from other animal species. Amino acid analysis and partial primary sequence of the isolated protein indicated high homology with rat and human SP-D. Furthermore, immunoblot analysis indicated that equine SP-D reacted with human and rat SP-D-specific antibodies. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: SP-D exists in equine lungs; its measurement may be useful in evaluating equine lung disease.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1998

Characteristics of respiratory function during swimming exercise in thoroughbreds.

Equine respiratory patterns during swimming were examined in five normal horses. The experiment included a preliminary warming-up stage and 6 circuits of swimming around an annular pool of a 50-meter-circumference. The horses were examined for respiratory rates, intratracheal pressures, inspiratory time (TI), expiratory time (TE), respiratory cycle (T; TI + TE), heart rates, blood lactate concentrations, hematocrit and blood gases. The respiratory rates were maintained around 25/min. Blood gas values changed significantly during swimming. The intratracheal pressures during expiration and inspiration increased significantly with exercise duration compared to the immediately after the warming-up stage. The duty ratio (TI/T) averaged 0.33, which implied that the expiratory time was roughly doubled the inspiratory time. We considered that a longer expiratory time may limit sudden collapse of airways by water pressure during swimming and prevent a radical decrease of air space volume, thus maintains buoyancy.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Effect of transportation on the composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from horses.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of extended transportation on the composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from horses. ANIMALS: 30 horses (14 males, 16 females: 25 Thoroughbreds and 5 Thoroughbred-Arabian cross-breds; 27 to 30 months old) without a history or clinical signs of respiratory tract disease. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed on nontransported control horses (groups 1 and 2) and transported horses (group 3). PROCEDURE: 20 horses were used to determine the effect of 41 hours of transportation on the composition of BALF (group 3). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed for recovered volume, number and distribution of nucleated cells, total protein and phospholipid concentrations, and phospholipid composition. RESULTS: Total number of nucleated cells in BALF from group-3 horses increased by approximately four-fold after transportation. Total protein concentration in BALF from group-3 horses also increased by approximately fivefold after transportation. Total phosphorus concentrations in group-3 horses decreased significantly from time 0 to immediately after transportation. In group-3 horses, the most characteristic change in composition of BALF after transport was a significant decrease in the concentration of phosphatidylglycerol. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The decrease in phosphatidylglycerol concentration in BALF after transportation indicates a reduction in the quantity of surfactant. This change may reflect either a decreased production of surfactant by alveolar type II epithelial cells or an increased removal of surfactant from the alveolar region. It is likely that extended transportation resulted in a decreased concentration of surfactant in BALF. Such a decrease may reduce the pulmonary defence mechanisms in the alveolar region, possibly resulting in infection.

Aging↗

PubMed1997

Twin-stage procedure. Part 1: A new method to reproduce precise eccentric occlusal relations.

The condylar path, the incisal path, and the cusp angle determine the amount of disocclusion during eccentric movement. In prosthodontics, the condylar path has been used as the main determinant of occlusion. However, the method to derive the incisal path and cusp angle from the condylar path is not known, and thus it has been difficult to scientifically reproduce the amount of disocclusion on a restoration. This study describes the Twin-Stage Procedure, in which the cusp angle is used as the main determinant of occlusion because of its reliability. It is possible to accurately control the amount of disocclusion on the restoration without measuring condylar path.

Dental Articulators↗

PubMed1997

Twin-Stage Procedure. Part 2: A clinical evaluation test.

The Twin-Stage Procedure was used to measure the amount of disocclusion reproduced on the articulator (in vitro) and in the mouth (in vivo). The results almost coincided, even without measurement of the condylar path By using this new procedure, quantitative control of the amount of disocclusion, which was previously impossible, has become a reality in daily clinical procedures. The amount of disocclusion occurring on an articulator coincided with the amount of disocclusion intraorally; therefore, the Twin-Stage Procedure is considered to be highly reliable.

Crowns↗

PubMed1996

Measurement of extravascular lung water by the double indicator dilution method using heat and sodium in horses under general anesthesia.

Rapid infusion is believed to be harmful to the lung, however, the pathological status of pulmonary edema resulting from excessive fluid therapy in horses has not been clarified because the quantitative diagnosis of pulmonary edema is impossible. To evaluate the precision of the double indicator dilution method using heat and sodium in horses, which allows the quantitative diagnosis of pulmonary edema, we compared extravascular lung water volume measured using a lung water computer based on the theory of the double indicator dilution method with that determined by the direct method. The value of extravascular thermal volume (ETV) determined by the double indicator dilution method was 7.82 +/- 0.62 ml/kg and the detection ratio of ETV to the value of pulmonary extravascular water volume (PEWV) by the direct method was 0.996 +/- 0.038. There was a significant correlation between ETV and PEWV (P < 0.05), and the regression line was Y = 1.23 X - 1.73 with a correlation coefficient of 0.953. The value of extravascular lung water determined by the double indicator dilution method was significantly consistent with that obtained by the direct method, indicating the high precision of the double indicator dilution method in normal horse lungs.

Anesthesia, General↗