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Biomedical subjects

S Hoque

Publications and source records attributed to S Hoque.

14 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Using lot quality assurance sampling to improve immunization coverage in Bangladesh.

OBJECTIVE: To determine areas of low vaccination coverage in five cities in Bangladesh (Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, and Syedpur). METHODS: Six studies using lot quality assurance sampling were conducted between 1995 and 1997 by Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival and the Bangladesh National Expanded Programme on Immunization. FINDINGS: BCG vaccination coverage was acceptable in all lots studied; however, the proportion of lots rejected because coverage of measles vaccination was low ranged from 0% of lots in Syedpur to 12% in Chittagong and 20% in Dhaka's zones 7 and 8. The proportion of lots rejected because an inadequate number of children in the sample had been fully vaccinated varied from 11% in Syedpur to 30% in Dhaka. Additionally, analysis of aggregated, weighted immunization coverage showed that there was a high BCG vaccination coverage (the first administered vaccine) and a low measles vaccination coverage (the last administered vaccine) indicating a high drop-out rate, ranging from 14% in Syedpur to 36% in Dhaka's zone 8. CONCLUSION: In Bangladesh, where resources are limited, results from surveys using lot quality assurance sampling enabled managers of the National Expanded Programme on Immunization to identify areas with poor vaccination coverage. Those areas were targeted to receive focused interventions to improve coverage. Since this sampling method requires only a small sample size and was easy for staff to use, it is feasible for routine monitoring of vaccination coverage.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed1999

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide phase shifts circadian rhythms in a manner similar to light.

The endogenous circadian pacemaker in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Various cues can reset circadian rhythm phase, thereby entraining the internal rhythm to the environmental cycle, and these effects can be investigated using an in vitro method to measure phase shifts of the SCN. Although pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) is localized in retinal inputs to the SCN, it has been reported to alter clock phase only during the subjective day (Hannibal et al., 1997), whereas light alters phase only in the subjective night. In this study we show that PACAP can reset the clock in the photic pattern during the subjective night when applied in 10 pM to 1 nM doses. This appears to be mediated via a glutamatergic mechanism, possibly by potentiation of NMDA currents as is seen at 10-100 pM. Given at higher doses (>10 nM), PACAP shifts in the subjective day, apparently via activation of adenylate cyclase and increased intracellular cAMP. These results indicate dose and phase specificity of the effects of PACAP, and a new role as a transmitter in the retinohypothalamic tract.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in London: clinical experience of 21 cases.

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is uncommon in the United Kingdom and has so far been restricted to people of Afro-Caribbean extraction. Between 1981 and 1995, 21 cases presented to 2 inner London teaching hospitals where 17% of the population are of Afro-Caribbean origin. Clinical presentations were similar to those of the disease in HTLV-I-endemic areas. Major responses (CR + PR) were obtained in 10/16 assessable patients (63%) treated with combination chemotherapy. However, median survival was only 5.5 months. Disease progression and opportunistic infection were the major causes of treatment failure and death. Three patients (14%) relapsed in the central nervous system (CNS). Our cases confirm the profound immunosuppression in ATLL. The poor prognosis of acute and lymphoma types of ATLL highlight the need for new approaches to treatment such as zidovudine and alpha-interferon, incorporating prophylaxis against CNS disease and opportunistic infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

NPY opposes PACAP phase shifts via receptors different from those involved in NPY phase shifts.

The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hamster can be maintained for several days in vitro, allowing electrophysiological investigation of the mammalian circadian clock. Application of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) at Zeitgeber time (ZT) 6 on the first day in vitro can phase shift the rhythm of firing rate expressed by SCN neurons on a subsequent day in vitro. Here we report that co-application of neuropeptide Y (NPY) will block the phase-shifting action of PACAP. This blocking action is mimicked by [Leu31,Pro34]NPY and [D-Trp32]NPY but not by NPY(22-36) or avian pancreatic polypeptide. The results indicate that NPY has actions in the SCN via receptors distinct from the Y2 receptor, which mediates the phase-shifting action of NPY.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Abundance and Distribution of Bacillus thuringiensis in the Agricultural Soil of Bangladesh

Bacillus thuringiensis is distributed ubiquitously in the agricultural soil of Bangladesh. Simple correlation and regression analyses showed that the soil sand percentage and the available copper levels had significant negative and positive contributions, respectively, to the abundance and distribution of B. thuringiensis in the agricultural soil. Among the isolates, only 2.5% of strains showed larvicidal activity against the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. The larvicidal potency LD50 varied from 3.5 x 10(3) to 9.5 x 10(7) spores per milliliter among the isolates. Copyright 1997 Academic Press. Copyright 1997 Academic Press

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Experience of human lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) in an East London hospital.

We describe the experience of The Royal London Hospital with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) related disease. Twelve patients presented from 1988-1993, nine of them in 1993. None were born in the U.K. and 11 were of West Indian origin. Ten had overt lymphomas, one tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) and one atypical lymphocytosis and Strongyloidiasis. Five presented acutely ill to Casualty and three died shortly after presentation. Four had been referred to rheumatologists and five had predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms. The population of Caribbean origin served by the hospital is 23,700 and one would only expect one or two cases of lymphoma and one or two cases of TSP/HAM per year. Overall the spectrum of clinical disease at presentation was varied. Suspicion of HTLV-1 infection is merited in patients of West Indian origin between the ages of 30-65 years, who present with a sarcoid-like illness, gastrointestinal symptoms, leukaemia/lymphoma, myelopathy or myositis like-illness.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Circadian rhythm photic phase shifts are not altered by histamine receptor antagonists.

Histamine may play a role in synchronizing endogenous circadian rhythms with exogenous photic cues. Direct application of histamine to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the site of the mammalian circadian pacemaker, phase shifts the circadian rhythm in neural activity [7]. Intraventricular injections of histamine also phase shift circadian rhythms [14]. The magnitude and direction of the phase shifting effects of histamine depend on circadian phase in a manner similar to light [7,14]. Depletion of brain histamine levels by inhibition of histamine synthesis reduces phase shifts to light [10].

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Self-assessment of confidence of internee doctors in performing common surgical operations.

A total of 140 internee doctors who had just completed or were about to complete their internship training from four leading Medical College Hospitals of Bangladesh were asked to fill up a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Of them 115 were male and 25 were female. All the participants had 6 months compulsory training in Medicine, 123 had 6 months training in Surgery and 17 had 6 months training in Obstetrics-Gynecology. Over 50% doctors expressed lack of confidence in performing ligation, vasectomy, splinting simple fractures, venesection, episiotomy, hydrocele operation, circumcision, proctoscopy and inguinal herniorrhaphy and expressed the need for further training in those procedures. Only 10% and 1.43% internees stated that they were confident about performing ligation and vasectomy independently. Internees from Chittagong Medical College Hospitals expressed their inability to perform ligation and/or vasectomy independently. So it was recommended that surgical training should be made mandatory for all internee Doctors with extension of the Internship period by at least 6 months. Emphasis should be laid on training in vasectomy and ligation. A pre-registration evaluation test may be introduced at the end of their training period.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1986

Plasma exchange therapy for endotoxin shock in puppies.

The efficacy of plasma exchange (PE) therapy for endotoxin (ET) shock has not been evaluated. The following experimental study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of PE in infants and children and determine the efficacy as a therapeutic modality for ET shock. A compact circuit for PE designed for this experiment consists of two pumps and a membrane plasma separator for a venovenous extracorporeal circulation with the limited prime volume of 100 mL. The capacity of this device for PE was tested. When a membrane separator of 0.3 m2 in surface area was used, a plasma flux of 5 to 13 mL/min was satisfactorily obtained with the blood flow rate of 25 to 40 mL/min, which was taken through centrally placed catheters of 18 gauge or larger. Transmembrane pressure was maintained in a safe range (0 to 50 mm Hg) in the first 90 minutes, during which time a PE of 100 mL/kg was completed with a sieving coefficient greater than 0.8. In 14 puppies (1.8 to 3.5 kg), a shock state was produced by infusion of ET (Escherichia coli, 055:B5). Eight puppies were resuscitated simply with lactated Ringer's solution and bicarbonate. Six puppies were treated with PE using 100 mL/kg of fresh-frozen plasma prepared from adult dogs. A significant decrease in the mean blood pressure, platelet and leukocyte counts, total protein, and CH50 was documented in all animals after ET administration. Seven of eight control animals died within 24 hours of post-ET infusion. All of the six PE-treated animals survived for 48 hours or longer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗