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Biomedical subjects

S J Fox

Publications and source records attributed to S J Fox.

8 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

The early history of the court.

The history of the juvenile court precedes its formal beginnings in the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899. This article traces key trends in the early history of the court, beginning with the founding of separate penal institutions for children in the 1820s and ending with the development of critical analyses of court practice in the 1930s. The Illinois statute distinguished between delinquent and dependent youths. However, early nineteenth-century intervention typically did not make such a distinction: children convicted of crimes and children who were abandoned, abused, or simply very poor were often housed in the same institutions. Both criminal behavior and poverty were viewed as threats to the social order. In the second half of the nineteenth century, efforts were made to treat dependent and delinquent children differently. Private sectarian agencies were founded to remove noncriminal youths from their homes or the almshouses and "place them out," often either with families in other states or in industrial schools. The reform efforts behind the passage of the Illinois statute were intended to create improvements in the institutions that intervened on behalf of children. Reformers showed little concern for the procedures used in these interventions, and the resulting statutory language provides few procedural guidelines. Nineteenth-century practice had focused on assessing the children who came before the court for their fitness for rehabilitation and de-emphasized the adjudication of the offense itself. This practice continued after the development of the juvenile court at the turn of the century. The model for ideal juvenile court judicial practice--epitomized by judge Ben Lindsey of the Denver, Colorado, court--called for a rapport between judge and child and the personal involvement of the judge in the child's reformation. This personal treatment, though popular, came at the expense of the child's due process rights. The movement in the early twentieth century to involve mental health professionals in this rehabilitation diminished the court's direct involvement but did nothing to address procedural inadequacies. These were finally resolved in the due process cases of the 1960s and 1970s.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Negotiating the purchase of an HIS.

To summarize, do your homework. Don't accept the contract as it is presented. Negotiate the best deal you can. Be fair. And if you have done everything exactly right, keep your fingers crossed and hope the system doesn't crash.

Contract Services↗
PubMed1990

Psychopathology and developmental delay in homeless children: a pilot study.

The authors report a survey of 50 parent-child pairs from homeless families housed in New York City hotels. The purpose of the survey was to determine the extent of emotional or behavioral disturbances and of developmental delays in homeless children aged 4 through 10 years, the presence of depression or a history of depression or other psychiatric problems in the parents of these children, and to determine whether the children and adults had mental health needs. The results indicate that nearly all of the children showed some difficulties. Sixty-one percent of the children had receptive verbal functioning at or below the first percentile for age, 29% were functioning at the fifth percentile for age in psychomotor ability, and 38% exhibited emotional and behavioral problems. Twenty-eight percent of the parents exhibited evidence of mild to severe depression; a smaller percentage admitted to past psychiatric problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Evaluation of a closed-tracheal suction system.

A new tracheo-bronchial closed-suction system has been recently introduced. The Trach Care catheter can be connected to the endotracheal tube of a patient on mechanical ventilation and be left in place as long as 24 h. Thus, suctioning does not require disconnection from the mechanical ventilator. We evaluated the benefits of this new system in 20 patients receiving mechanical ventilation; ten patients required PEEP of 10 cm H2O and under, while the other ten patients needed PEEP over 10 cm H2O to maintain acceptable oxygenation. PaCO2, arterial oxygen saturation, and alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference were measured before and after suctioning, using a conventional catheter and the Trach Care closed-suction method. Oxygenation only deteriorated when the open technique was used in patients receiving over 10 cm H2O of PEEP. The changes were statistically, but not clinically, significant. The Trach Care system is approximately 25 times as expensive as conventional suctions catheter, so its use cannot be justified economically. A potential advantage of the technique is preventing the dissemination of contaminated secretions, which are dispersed when the patient is disconnected from the ventilator and inspiratory gas flow persists. While no universal advantage of the closed-suction system was found, potential benefits may be considered on a case-by-case basis.

Critical Care↗