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Biomedical subjects

S J Kraus

Publications and source records attributed to S J Kraus.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Metronidazole for vaginal trichomoniasis. Seven-day vs single-dose regimens.

This randomized, double-blind evaluation of metronidazole therapy for trichomonal vaginitis compared the efficacy and side effects of a single 2-g dose and the standard seven-day regimen (250 mg three thimes daily). Eighty (86%) of the 93 women examined seven to 21 days after therapy with the 2-g regimen, and 76 (91.6%) of 83 examined after the seven-day regimen, were cured. These cure rates were not significantly different. In addition, symptom duration and the occurrence of side effects and yeast infection were not significantly different for the two treatment groups. Because the efficacy and side effects of the two regimens are comparable and the 2-g dose is easier to administer and less expensive, we recommend the 2-g dose as standard treatment for trichomoniasis.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1980

Trichomonas vaginalis: reevaluation of its clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis.

Vaginal discharge is the most common complaint and Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis the most frequently diagnosed problem among women attending the DeKalb County Georgia, Veneral Disease Clinic. Despite this prevalence, the 1837 observations of Donné are the criteria frequently used in the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Our study shows that a purulent, frothy discharge is indeed a characteristic of trichomonal vaginitis, but if it is used as the sole diagnostic criterion, 88% of women with trichomonal vaginitis will not be identified and 29% will be erroneously diagnosed as infected. Donné's wet-mount test remains highly specific, but culture will detect twice as many trichomonas infections. There is a positive association between trichomoniasis and gonococcal cervicitis, failure to use contraceptive techniques, and lack of yeast in the wet mount of vaginal secretions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Isolation and identification of Haemophilus ducreyi in a clinical study.

Seventeen strains of Haemophilus ducreyi were isolated from genital lesions which were negative for syphilis by dark-field examination. Media used for primary isolation at various times during the study were enriched chocolate agar, chocolate agar plus vancomycin (3 microgram/ml), rabbit blood agar plus vancomycin (3 micrograms/ml), fetal bovine serum agar, and fetal bovine serum agar plus vancomycin (3 micrograms/ml). H. ducreyi was isolated on chocolate agar plus vancomycin from 10 of 14 patients found to be positive on one or more media, on rabbit blood agar plus vancomycin from 16 of 17 patients, and on fetal bovine serum agar plus vancomycin from 9 of 11 patients. Sera from six animal species were tested to determine if any would support the growth of H. ducreyi. Horse and rabbit sera supported light growth of some strains. Fetal bovine serum supported good growth of all strains included in the study. Biochemical and physiological tests were done on the 17 isolates, a reference strain of H. ducreyi, and two reference strains of Haemophilus haemoglobinophilus. The results agreed with those reported by Kilian, except that H. ducreyi produced alpha-hemolysis in stabs on rabbit blood agar and was oxidase positive, three strains were urease positive, and CO2 improved the growth of seven strains. All 17 isolates were beta-lactamase positive. The reference strains were beta-lactamase negative.

Agar↗
PubMed1980

Resistance to gonorrhea possibly mediated by the genital microbial flora.

The proximal male urethra is normally sterile, but microorganisms exist in the distal urethra. The members of the distal urethra flora change with sexual activity. Components of the urethral flora may include aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, fungi, and mycoplasmas. These microorganisms may function in the urethra's resistance to some pathogens. Certain patients with urethral meningococci and staphylococci resisted infection following exposure to women with gonococcal cervicitis. In vitro assays showed these bacteria capable of inhibiting Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The inhibition also occurred in vivo, using the animal subcutaneous chamber model of gonococcal infection.

Female↗
PubMed1979

Persistent urethral leukocytosis and asymptomatic chlamydial urethritis.

Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 47% of asymptomatic, sexually active men whose urethral smears contained four or more polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) per high-power field (hpf) one week after their sexual activity was restricted. C. trachomatis was not detected in any of 23 asymptomatic, sexually active men having less than 4 PMN/hpf in two urethral smears obtained one week apart. Semiquantitation of urethral PMN in the urethral Gram-stained smear is useful in the evaluation of asymptomatic men without gonorrhea who are concerned about the possibility of harboring a urethral pathogen.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMed1979

Culture methods for Neisseria gonorrhoea.

Cultures on an appropriate medium are both highly sensitive and specific, but false-negative cultures can occur because of sampling procedures, laboratory errors, sensitivity of certain gonococci to the vancomycin contained in selective mediums, or loss of bacterial viability in transport.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1978

Diagnosis and etiology of nongonococcal urethritis.

The observation of more than four polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) per high-power field (hpf) in gram-stained smears of urethral secretions was found to differentiate patients with urethritis from patients without urethritis. A urethral discharge was present in 78% of patients with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU). Dysuria without demonstrable urethral discharge and with fewer than four PMN/hpf did not appear to fit into the NGU spectrum. NGU is now defined to include men who have negative urethral cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae with a urethral discharge and/or more than four PMN/hpf in their urethral smears. The findings of more than four PMN/hpf in the urethral smears of 22%of asymptomatic sexually active men with more than one sexual partner (polygamous controls) suggests that asymptomatic NGU is not uncommon. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated significantly more frequently from the NGU study group than from the control group (P less than 0.001). This study adds Corynebacterium vaginale (Haemophilus vaginalis), group B streptococci, and yeasts to the list of sexually transmitted microorganisms that are not etiologic determinants of NGU.

Chlamydia trachomatis↗
PubMed1977

Experimental animal infections with Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum.

Subcutaneous tissue cavities in mice and guinea pigs were infected with human isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. The minimal infective dose for M. hominis was as low as less than 10 color-changing units (CCU) for mice and 10(2) CCU for guinea pigs. The minimal infective dose for U. urealyticum was as low as less than 10 CCU for mice and 10(4) CCU for guinea pigs. Mouse infections with either U. urealyticum or M. hominis persisted for 1 day to greater than 4 months. Guinea pigs remained infected for up to 4 weeks. Two M. hominis isolates were similar in their ability to infect subcutaneous tissue cavities but two U. urealyticum isolates varied in their ability to infect the cavities. The histopathology of the M. hominis and U. urealyticum infections was similar: an initial intense polymorphonuclear response with giant cells, followed in 4 weeks by histiocytes and giant cells with some plasma cells and lymphocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Isolation and characterization of a rough colony type of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

A new colony type of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was detected in the primary cultures from 8 of 180 men with gonococcal urethritis. This colony type contrasts with those previously described by having a rough and irregular surface. In six of the eight cases, the rough form predominated. The distinctive morphology of the rough colony variant could be maintained indefinitely by selective subculture. By electron microscopy, organisms taken from rough colonies of each of the eight isolates were piliated. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of type 1 and rough clones derived from the same patients were identical for ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, and spectinomycin. After inoculation of rough colonies into subcutaneous chambers in mice and guinea pigs, type 1 colonies predominated in cultures of material obtained from the chambers. This new piliated colony type of N. gonorrhoeae may provide an opportunity to investigate factors other than pili that contribute to gonococcal virulence.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Quantitation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from women with gonorrhea.

The number of infecting organisms has been shown to be an important variable in animal models of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This variable may also be important in the natural transmission of gonorrhea in humans. The number of gonococci in the cervicovaginal area of women with gonorrhea is unknown, as are the effects of certain physiologic or therapeutic variables on the number of gonococci. In this study a semiquantitative technique for the enumeration of N. gonorrhoeae was used; 10 ml of phosphate-buffered saline was directed against the cervix and vaginal wall, and the number of colony-forming units (cfu) of N. gonorrhoeae in the aspirate was determined. The number of N. gonorrhoeae recovered ranged from 4.0 X 10(2) to 1.8 X 10(7) cfu. The geometric mean number was 1.45 X 10(5) cfu, with a standard deviation of 1.04 X 10(1) cfu. Statistical analyses showed that the number of gonococci was not influenced by the use of oral contraceptives, concurrent infection with Trichomonas vaginalis and/or Corynebacterium (Haemophilus)vaginalis, time of douche prior to examination, or phase of the menstrual cycle at which the women were examined. The results indicated a wide range in the number of N. gonorrhoeae recoverable by vaginal irrigation but failed to define the reason for this variability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Pathological features of experimental gonococcal infection in mice and guinea pigs.

The histopathological and immunofluorescent findings in tissues within and surrounding artificially created subcutaneous tissue cavities infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae for 1 to 30 days were studied in mice and guinea pigs. Findings in the tissue cavities of the animal models were similar to the findings of disseminated gonococcal infection in humans. These similarities included an intense persistent polymorphonuclear leukocytic response with tissue necrosis, hemorrhage into the early lesion, a perivascular leukocytic response in adjacent tissue, difficulty in detecting large numbers of discrete morphologically typical gonococci by the tissue Gram stain and direct fluorescent antibody techniques, a decrease in the number of identifiable gonococci with duration of the infection, and moderate amounts of extracellular and intracellular immunofluorescent gonococcal debris. Studies into the pathogenesis of the animal infections may enhance our understanding of the pathogenic mechanism (s) associated with gonococcal infection in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Interference by Neisseria gonorrhoeae growth by other bacterial species.

Growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from clinical specimens has been enhanced by the use of selective media that inhibit the simultaneous growth of other microorganisms. One explanation for this enhancement could be that certain other bacteria inhibit gonococcal growth. This hypothesis was examined by testing 167 bacterial isolates for in vitro gonococcal inhibition; 34.1% of the isolates failed to inhibit the gonococcus, but 12.0% produced weak inhibition and 53.9% strongly inhibited N. gonorrhoeae. The pattern of in vitro gonococcal inhibition was consistently the same for all the individual isolates within some species, but individual isolates within other bacterial species varied in their ability to inhibit the gonococcus. Consistently strong in vitro N. gonorrhoeae inhibitors were Citrobacter diversus, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas. The in vivo significance of gonococcal interference was demonstrated in the subcutaneous chamber model of N. gonorrhoeae infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Increased serum immunoglobulin E concentrations in venereal diseases.

Total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentrations were determined by a competitive solid phase radioimmunoassay technique in serum samples from patients with a variety of venereal diseases. The mean IgE concentrations for groups of normal persons without venereal diseases was significantly lower then the means for groups of appropriately matched patients with primary syphilis and gonorrhoea. There were also relatively higher IgE values in patients with trichomoniasis. Our data indicate that patients with urogenital infections have higher concentrations of IgE in the serum than matched control patients without such infections.

Female↗
PubMed1976

The crab louse-review of physiology and study of anatomy as seen by the scanning electron microscope.

Effective control of a parasitic infestation is aided by a thorough understanding of the parasite and it interaction with the host. The external anatomy of Phthirus pubis and its egg were studied by scanning electron microscopy and the structures visualized were reviewed to determine their function. The pathophysiology of the insect-host interaction and current treatment recommendations were also reviewed.

Animals↗