Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to S J Updike.
Four commercially available medical mass spectrometer catheters capable of providing in vivo blood gas data are evaluated. Accuracy and flow dependency data are presented on each and relative strengths and weaknesses for particular uses are discussed.
We report renal lesions and functional alterations in a 32-year-old man with Fabry's disease (ceramidetrihexosidase deficiency). By light microscopy of a renal biopsy specimen, distinctive "foamy" cytoplasmic alterations were observed in renal glomerular, tubular, vascular, and interstitial cells. Histochemical analysis of vacuolated epithelial cells showed glycolipid- and phospholipid-like material. Ultrastructurally, dense osmiophilic as well as stacked and concentric laminated profiles were observed within these epithelial cells. In addition, glomerular endocapillary, parietal, and vascular epithelial cells contained opaque osmiophilic granular deposits with paracrystalline arrays. Renal function studies indicated a glomerular filtration rate of 86.1 mL/min/1.73 sq m, effective renal plasma flow of 415 mL/min/1.73 sq m, tubular reabsorption of glucose of 356 mg/min/100 glomerular filtration rate, and maximal urinary concentrating and diluting ability of 568 and 46 mOsm/kg, respectively. Serum ceramide hexosidase activity was 0.18 nmole/hr/mL (normal, 8 to 15). We conclude that renal dysfunction associated with Fabry's disease is associated mainly with accumulation of glycolipid and phospholipid compounds in the walls of blood vessels and distal nephrons.
The vascular supply of the equine stifle joint was investigated, using latex vascular injections of pelvic limbs from 3 adult horses and 6 ponies. Vessels were grossly dissected to the small arteriole level. The primary source of blood supply was the femoral artery and its branches which entered the joint on the caudal and medial surfaces. The superficial vasculature arose from the caudal branch of the deep circumflex iliac artery cranially and laterally, and from the saphenous and descending genicular arteries medially. The deep vasculature arose from the popliteal artery and its branches on the caudal joint surface. These 2 layers of vessels arborized to form the vascular rete which surrounded the joint and gave off branches to supply the articular capsule and the intraarticular structures. Venous drainage paralleled arterial pathways.
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The renal pedicle of one kidney from each of four dogs was ligated for one hour. The contralateral kidney served as a control. Both kidneys were removed and perfused using the "Belzer" technique. Pressure-flow relationships were determined and biopsy samples taken. The vasculature was then injected with silicone rubber. Perfusion resistance, vascular filling with silicone rubber and observations made by electron microscopy were compared.
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1) Oxygen transfer in the catalyst membrane oxygenator is not limited by diffusion through the blood-membrane boundary layer. Instead, oxygen transfer occurs at a rate independent of blood flow conditions and is evenly distributed over the membrane surface. Shear-induced mixing combined with high boundary O2 layer gradients are the mechanisms of transfer. 2) The rotating disk design provides very high level oxygen transfer. However, H2O2 concentration, blood flow rate, and disk rotation rate must be adjusted so that excess O2 supersaturation in the blood-membrane boundary does not lead to significant bubble formation. 3) The catalyst membranes used in the hemodialysis-based oxygenator have been industrially produced. 4) Effective CO2 transfer can be carried out across a hemodialysis type of membrane as previously reported. 5) The catalyst membrane oxygenator as studied in the dog performs well for 3-5 hrs, at which time inhibition of the catalyst leads to H2O2 breakthrough which causes methemoglobin formation. The mechanisms of catalyst inhibition and ways for its prevention are under study. 6) The catalyst membrane oxygenator offers the advantages of simultaneous artificial kidney treatment. This feature may be of help in maintaining acid-base balance and treating edema states.
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Evaluation of a new system, based on gas chromatography, providing arterial blood gas tensions without requiring drawn blood samples is continued in an animal model. A series of in vivo dog experiments is discussed evaluating flow dependence and other performance characteristics. Results confirm the laboratory bench performance reported earlier; clinical trials are now indicated.
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As a strategy to avoid serious allergic reactions to the antitumor agent asparaginase, this enzyme was entrapped in autologous red blood cells before intravenous injection into monkeys. Additional advantages of this approach are prolonged enzyme half-life and targeting of this agent into the reticuloendothelial system.
The metabolic consequences of low-temperature kidney preservation were investigated. A comparison was made between kidneys which were immediately preserved and kidneys which had been ischemic for 1 hour. Two types of preservation techniques were used: (1) continuous perfusion with oxygenated plasma as described by Belzer and (2) a single flush with potassium-containing perfusate as suggested by Collins. Slices of renal cortex were removed at varying times during preservation and analyzed for a variety of metabolic intermediates. ATP levels were markedly reduced from normal. The Belzer technique was associated with higher ATP levels and ischemia lowered the ATP level. Kidneys perfused by the Belzer technique had lower ADP levels than those by the Collins method. Preservation caused marked elevation of tissue lactate, irrespective of ischemia or the technique used. We conclude that low temperature kidney preservation has profound effects on cellular metabolism. Therefore, the measurement of metabolic intermediates may provide a rational approach to the prediction of organ survival.
We describe a new, broadly applicable approach to radioimmunoassay. Solid-phase binding reagent is prepared by entrapping antibody in polyacrylamide gel. This gel is then fragmented, sieved, and dehydrated in 95 percent ethanol. Upon evaporation of the ethanol, the dry antibody-gel particles are dispensed into miniature disposable plastic columns. A unidirectional flowing stream configuration is used to construct a standard curve for the polypeptide hormone, angiotensin I, used here to exemplify the technique. Good reproducibility of this standard curve is demonstrated. The analytical system includes a computer-controlled sample turntable, digital pipet, and liquid-switching assembly.
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