Electron microscopic demonstration of an adenovirus in the hepatocytes of birds experimentally infected with hydropericardium syndrome.
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Adenoviridae↗
Biomedical subjects
S K Garg
Publications and source records attributed to S K Garg.
24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in healthy young adult Anglo, Hispanic, and African-American subjects.
The purpose of this study was to compare office and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) values for adolescent and young adult males and females of Anglo, Hispanic, and African-American descent. One hundred and eighteen healthy subjects (62 females, 56 males) participated, with an ethnic distribution of 50 Anglo, 32 Hispanic, and 36 African-American subjects. All subjects came to the clinic for height, weight, sitting blood pressure (BP), and to begin 24-h ABP monitoring using the SpaceLabs model 90207 automatic noninvasive monitor. The monitor recorded readings every 0.5 h from 06:00 to 22:00 and every hour at night from 22:00 to 06:00. Office systolic and diastolic BP values were higher for all males compared to all females. Mean 24-h, nighttime, and daytime systolic ABP values were also significantly higher for males compared to females. The 24-h mean and daytime systolic ABP values were significantly different by ethnic groups. The African-American subjects always had the highest readings. Mean 24-h diastolic ABP was also significantly different by ethnic groups, with the African-American subjects being higher than the Anglos or the Hispanics. Diastolic ABP (24-h mean, daytime, and nighttime) values (for all subjects combined) increased gradually and varied significantly with age. This study provides preliminary normative data about ABP in an understudied population (ie, teenagers and young adults of different ethnic backgrounds). It also shows that higher blood pressures are present among males and among subjects of African-American descent in the teenage and young adult population.
Adult↗
A comparative study of aminophylline- and acepifylline-induced seizures and death in the chemoconvulsion model in rats.
The convulsive, pro-convulsive and lethal effects of two theophylline-containing bronchodilating agents, aminophylline and acepifylline, have been evaluated in rats. Aminophylline (theophylline ethylenediamine) caused seizures and death in a dose-dependent manner; an intraperitoneal dose of 250 mg kg-1 caused seizures and death in all rats. Intraperitoneal doses of acepifylline (theophylline ethanoate of piperazine) up to 1000 mg kg-1, however, did not cause seizure or death. Further, pre-treatment of the rats by intraperitoneal administration of a subconvulsive dose (100 mg kg-1) of aminophylline caused a significant decrease in CD50 and LD50 values for pentylenetetrazole and a significant increase in the number of positive responders (i.e. rats with a pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure score of 3 or more on a seizure scale ranging from 0 to 6) and death rate compared with those obtained for rats pre-treated with an equivalent intraperitoneal dose (140 mg kg-1) of acepifylline ('equivalent dose' referred to here denotes the theophylline content of the two preparations). The study has established the neurosafety profile of acepifylline and documents a safer alternative to aminophylline for use in asthmatics suffering from concomitant epilepsy or other seizure-prone neurological defects.
Aminophylline↗
Effectiveness of postprandial Humalog in toddlers with diabetes.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether postprandial administration of the new rapid-acting insulin analog Humalog could effectively reduce glucose excursions in children <5 years old. DESIGN: Human Regular insulin given before a meal was compared with the same dose of Humalog after a meal of equal carbohydrate content in five toddlers with insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus. In addition, the use of Humalog before a meal was compared with Humalog given after a meal of equal carbohydrate content in five other toddlers. The dose of long-acting insulin was not changed during the study period. Blood glucose levels were determined at fasting and at 1, 2, and 4 hours postprandially. RESULTS: The 2-hour glucose excursions were significantly lower when postprandial Humalog administration was compared with preprandial Human Regular insulin administration. In contrast, glucose excursions were similar when Humalog was taken before or after the meal. CONCLUSION: These data show that it is efficacious to give Humalog insulin postprandially in toddlers with type 1 diabetes, allowing increased safety for the young child. The insulin dose can be both matched to the actual food intake and timed to give families increased flexibility and control at mealtime.
Blood Glucose↗
Bioavailability of sulfamethoxypyridazine following intramuscular or subcutaneous administration in goats.
The pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxypyridazine (SMP) was investigated in goats after a single intramuscular (im) or subcutaneous (sc) administration (100 mg/kg body weight). The biological half lives of SMP following im and sc administration were found to be 11.0 and 13.7 h, respectively. The systemic availabilities of the drug were calculated to be 68.6 and 58.7% following im and sc injections, respectively. The rapidity of absorption, almost similar availability, comparatively longer biological half-life and ease of administration suggest that the sc route of administration might be preferred over the im route. To achieve and maintain serum concentrations 25 micrograms/mL, a rational dosage regimen of SMP for goats would be 55 and 38 mg/kg body weight as the loading and maintenance doses, respectively, with a dosage interval of 24 h by the sc route.
Absorption↗
Antilymphocytic and immunosuppressive effects of Lantana camara leaves in rats.
Once daily administration of Lantana camara leaves juice at different dose levels (60, 300, 600 and 1500 mg/kg/day) for 14 days in rats resulted in alterations in various haemato- and biochemical parameters. Significant increase in blood urea nitrogen was observed with the doses of 600 and 1500 mg while significant increase in the relative weights of adrenals was observed at all the four dose levels. Total proteins, globulins, absolute lymphocyte count and per cent lymphocyte count were significantly decreased with 60, 600 and 1500 mg doses while a significant hypoglycemic effect was observed with 1500 mg only. Rats treated with 1500 mg dose did not exhibit any increase in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities or the alterations in relative kidney and liver weights. In another set of experiment, once daily oral administration of 1500 mg/kg/day for 14 days significantly inhibited the granulomatous tissue formation in rats and this effect was comparable to that of cyclophosphamide (10 mg/kg/day).
Animals↗
Poliomyelitis in western Uttar Pradesh.
The studies on prevalence of lameness in Western Uttar Pradesh revealed the overall poliomyelitis prevalence rate of 6.47/1000 children and an annual incidence rate of 19.3 per lac population with an average age of onset at 17.2 months. The overall OPV coverage was 53.2% with a vaccine efficacy of 94.2%. The incidence of poliomyelitis was negatively correlated to OPV immunization strongly suggesting the need of achieving high level of OPV coverage as a first step for eradication of poliomyelitis.
Child↗
Pre-meal insulin analogue insulin lispro vs Humulin R insulin treatment in young subjects with type 1 diabetes.
The present prospective one-year randomized study was conducted to compare soluble human insulin, with a new rapid-acting human insulin analogue, lispro, with respect to postprandial glucose excursions, frequency of hypoglycaemic episodes, glucose control, and long-term safety in 39 subjects (20 females, 19 males) with Type 1 diabetes. The duration of diabetes, gender distribution, and age were similar in the two groups. The total number of hypoglycaemic episodes was significantly less (p < 0.04, Wilcoxon rank sum test) in subjects receiving insulin lispro compared with regular human insulin over the 12-month period. The 2-h postprandial glucose excursion at 1 year was also significantly less (p < 0.05, ANOVA) in the group treated with insulin lispro. The reductions in the total number of hypoglycaemic episodes and in the postprandial glucose excursion with use of insulin lispro may be beneficial for the long-term management of subjects with Type 1 diabetes. However, the greatest benefit identified by the subjects receiving insulin lispro was the greater convenience of the rapid-acting analogue.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Characterization of Lactobacillus acidophilus strains for use as dietary adjunct.
Seven Lactobacillus acidophilus strains were studied for their morphology, biochemical properties, growth behaviour, bile tolerance, cholesterol uptake and survival at low pH. The strains significantly differed in their biochemical and beneficial traits. The strains which exhibited cholesterol uptake and ability to grow in the presence of 0.3% bile salt also utilized mannitol.
Animals↗
Kinetics of theophylline in apnea of prematurity in small for gestational age babies.
OBJECTIVES: To study the pharmacokinetics of theophylline and its correlations to pharmacodynamic effects in apnea of prematurity in small for gestational age babies. DESIGN: Prospective case control study. SETTING: Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. SUBJECTS: Ten small for gestational age (SGA) babies and 10 gestation matched appropriate for gestational age (AGA) babies with recurrent apnea of prematurity. METHODS: All babies were investigated to exclude secondary causes of apnea. 5 mg/kg of aminophylline loading dose followed by 2 mg/kg as maintenance dose every 8 hourly intravenously was used. The trough and peak levels of theophylline were assessed on different days of therapy. Clinical monitoring was done for the efficacy and toxicity of the drug. Analysis was done using unpaired Student's 't' test and the correlation between plasma theophylline levels of different days was performed by using ANOVA. RESULTS: The therapeutic drug levels were achieved within 24 hours in all babies. The SGA babies showed 25% higher drug levels as compared to AGA babies. The mean trough plasma theophylline levels ranged from 8.15 +/- 1.59 to 12.37 +/- 1.54 micrograms/ml in SGA babies while in AGA babies they ranged from 6.26 +/- 1.93 to 9.96 +/- 1.96 micrograms/ml in first 8 days of therapy. The mean peak levels in SGA babies ranged from 11.91 +/- 1.84 to 17.13 +/- 1.63 micrograms/ml and in AGA babies ranged from 8.17 +/- 1.84 to 13.02 +/- 1.48 micrograms/ml. Twenty per cent SGA and AGA babies each developed clinical toxicity though toxic drug levels were found in 50% SGA and 30% AGA babies. CONCLUSION: There is a need to modify dosage schedule for these babies.
Aminophylline↗
Pharmacokinetics of cephalexin in calves after intravenous and subcutaneous administration.
The pharmacokinetics of cephalexin was investigated in male calves following a single intravenous (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration (10 mg/kg). The distribution rate constant and distribution half-life were 3.34 +/- 1.22 h-1 and 0.32 +/- 0.08 h, respectively. The values of elimination half-lives following i.v. and s.c. administration were 3.17 +/- 1.30 and 2.56 +/- 0.24 h, respectively. The absorption half-life following s.c. administration was 0.09 +/- 0.01 h. The apparent volume of distribution was 0.65 +/- 0.16 and 0.46 +/- 0.07 L/kg and total body clearance was 2.96 +/- 0.46 and 1.66 +/- 0.31 ml/kg/min, respectively, following i.v. and s.c. administration. Systemic availability following subcutaneous administration was found to be almost complete (103.08%). The satisfactory intravenous dosage regimen of cephalexin for calves would be 11.3 mg/kg as the priming dose followed by 10.0 mg/kg as the maintenance dose to be repeated at 6-h intervals. However, the subcutaneous dosage regimen of cephalexin in calves would be 8.0 mg/kg followed by 7.05 mg/kg at 8-h intervals.
Animals↗
Antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus fermented milk against different pathogenic bacteria.
Lactobacillus acidophilus strains tested showed inhibitory activity towards Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Yersinia enterocolitica. However, wide variations in the activity of the strains were observed. Antagonistic activity of the strains exhibited high heat stability (120 min at 92 degrees C, 15 min at 121 degrees C) but it was markedly influenced by changes in pH. Effect of kind of milk on antagonistic activity was variable, whereas skimming had no significant effect.
Animals↗
Exercise versus overnight albumin excretion rates in subjects with type 1 diabetes.
Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of new cases of renal failure in the US and Europe. An elevated albumin excretion rate (AER) on an overnight urine sample is considered an early predictor of end-stage renal failure. An elevated AER on a post-exercise urine sample has previously been considered to be an even earlier marker of renal damage. In a longitudinal prospective study, 373 subjects with insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus had a total of 714 renal evaluations, each of which included one exercise and two overnight urine collections for AER determinations. All subjects were at least 13 years old and had diabetes for at least 4 years. There was a strong correlation between exercise and overnight AERs (r = 0.74, P < 0.001). For the 60 subjects with an initial borderline increase of either overnight or exercise AER, the overnight AER values (7.6-20 micrograms/min) progressed first for 52% of subjects whereas the exercise AERs (41-114 micrograms/min) progressed first for 43% of subjects (5% had simultaneous elevations of both). For the 22 subjects in which an abnormal overnight (> 20 micrograms/min) or exercise (> 114 micrograms/min) value was detected first, 17 (77%) had an elevated exercise AER first, whereas only 4 (18%) had an elevated overnight AER first. This study shows that an increase of either the exercise or the overnight AER can occur first, dependent upon the level of abnormality being considered. The two tests correlate closely with one another.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
Final adult height and its relationship to blood glucose control and microvascular complications in IDDM.
The effect of longitudinal blood glucose control on final adult height was evaluated in 181 subjects (94 women and 87 men) with IDDM. Diabetes onset was at a median age of 6.9 years with an interquartile range of 4.7 years. Longitudinal glycated haemoglobin values were determined over a mean period of 6.6 +/- 2.6 years during their growth phase. Serial eye and joint examinations and urinary albumin excretion rates were performed with final assessment being carried out at a mean age of 21.1 +/- 3.0 years. The mean adult height standard deviation score of the whole group was -0.22 +/- 1.15 and was reduced compared to the mean height of the general population and to the mean height of the subjects' parents and siblings. There was an inverse correlation with mean longitudinal glycated haemoglobin and final adult height (p < 0.01). There was also an inverse relationship between adult height and the severity of eye, kidney, and joint complications, but when controlled by glycated haemoglobin, this relationship only remained significant for eye complications. Final adult height is reduced in subjects with early onset IDDM who remain in poor blood glucose control during their growth period.
Adult↗
Anticarcinogenic, hypocholesterolemic, and antagonistic activities of Lactobacillus acidophilus.
Lactobacillus acidophilus is considered to possess health-promoting attributes. These include anticarcinogenic and hypocholesterolemic properties and antagonistic action against intestinal and food-born pathogens. L. acidophilus can also survive the hostile environment and establish in the complex ecosystem of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, the beneficial effects of ingesting L. acidophilus accrue over a longer period than those organisms that cannot colonize the gut. However, the exact mechanisms of these attributes are not known. Presumably, the anticarcinogenic activity may be attributed to production of compounds and/or conditions that inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells, suppression of microorganisms that convert procarcinogens to carcinogens, and degradation of carcinogens formed. They hypocholesterolemic effect is probably exerted by inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, which is a rate-limiting enzyme in endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis in the body and by promoting the excretion of dietary cholesterol in feces as a result of coprecipitation in the presence of deconjugated bile acids in the intestine and/or adsorption by the organisms. The antagonistic effect against pathogens and other organisms is possibly mediated by competition for nutrients and adhesion sites, formation of metabolites such as organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, and production of antibiotic-like compounds and bacteriocins.
Antibiosis↗
Pharmacodynamic interactions of omeprazole with CNS active drugs in rats.
A pharmacodynamic interactional study with omeprazole was undertaken in rats. Omeprazole (7 mg/kg, orally once daily for 14 days) significantly prolonged pentobarbitone (30 mg/kg, ip) induced hypnosis while it had no effect on haloperidol (1 mg/kg, ip) induced catalepsy or morphine (5 mg/kg, ip) induced analgesia models in rats. The study highlighted the fact that dynamic interaction with omeprazole was selective.
Administration, Oral↗
Pharmacokinetics of antipyrine and theophylline: unaltered by multi-dose omeprazole treatment in rabbits.
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Animals↗
Histamine H2 receptor mediated relaxation of buffalo (Bubalus bubalus) ureter.
On the buffalo ureter, histamine did not elicit any direct effect. However, it caused concentration-dependent relaxation of the tissues precontracted by carbachol, phenylephrine, norepinephrine, KCI or BaCl2 and also inhibited the contractile effect of carbachol. Metiamide selectively antagonised the relaxation and inhibition of contractile response but mepyramine did not show this effect. Isoprenaline, dobutamine, salbutamol, verapamil and papaverine neither produced any direct effect nor relaxed the carbachol-contracted tissues; norepinephrine and epinephrine had contractile effects. Hence, the histamine-induced relaxation was mediated through the activation of H2 receptors and not through adrenergic mechanisms or blockade of Ca(2+)-channels or inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.
Animals↗