Isolation of P multocida F-3, 4 from a stillborn snow leopard.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
S K Mukherjee
Publications and source records attributed to S K Mukherjee.
Hypoglycemic effect of swerchirin from the hexane fraction of Swertia chirayita.
A xanthone was isolated from the hexane fraction of the Swertia chirayita plant and identified as 1,8-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone (swerchirin). It has a very significant blood sugar lowering effect in fasted, fed, glucose loaded, and tolbutamide pretreated albino rat models. The ED50 for 40% blood sugar lowering in CF male albino rats (body weight 140-165 g) is 23.1 mg/kg/oral. The possibility of its application in clinical therapy for diabetes mellitus needs exploration.
Animals↗
Swerchirin induced blood sugar lowering of streptozotocin treated hyperglycemic rats.
Effect of Swerchirin (1:8 dihydroxy 3:5 dimethoxy xanthone) isolated from hexane fraction of Swertia chirayita on the blood sugar level of healthy and streptozotocin treated rats was studied. Streptozotocin was administered in citrate buffer (pH-4.5) intravenously / 35 and 65 mg/kg body wt to Charles Foster strain albino rats. Swerchirin (50 mg/kg, po) suspended in gum acacia was fed through cannula to the above rats and to a group of healthy rats. Blood sugar estimated at 0, 1, 3 and 7 hr after, indicated a very significant lowering in healthy and streptozotocin (35 mg/kg iv) but not in streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) treated rats.
Animals↗
Molecular cloning of cDNAs for auxin-induced mRNAs and developmental expression of the auxin-inducible genes.
By differential hybridization, two auxin-inducible cDNA clones (lambda SAR1 and lambda SAR2) have been isolated from a cDNA library constructed to poly(A)+ mRNA from auxin-treated strawberry receptacles. Both the clones have been used as probes to study the expression of the auxin-induced genes in pollinated and unpollinated fruits of various stages of development and in different organs. A high level of auxin-induced mRNAs is found in pollinated fruits as compared to unpollinated fruits of the same age, suggesting that the expression of the auxin-induced genes is developmentally regulated and the level of auxin-induced mRNAs is regulated by endogenous auxin. Furthermore, our data on the expression of lambda SAR1 and lambda SAR2 genes in pollinated and unpollinated fruits revealed a positive correlation between growth of strawberry fruit and the induction of mRNA corresponding to the lambda SAR1 and lambda SAR2 clones. Ethylene has no effect on the expression of the auxin-induced mRNAs. lambda SAR1 mRNA is not detected in other parts of strawberry plants whereas lambda SAR2 mRNA is present in roots. Furthermore, mRNA corresponding to lambda SAR1 and lambda SAR2 is not detected in other auxin-responsive plant systems such as pea epicotyls and bean explants.
Cloning, Molecular↗
Potassium induced insulin release from isolated islet of Langerhans of albino rats.
The secretory effect of Potassium (K+) on endocrine pancreas was studied using collagenase digested isolated islets of Langerhans. Isolated islets of Langerhans incubated in KRB containing 5 15, 30 and 45 mM, quantity of additional K ions caused the release of insulin from beta-cells (significant release of insulin, P less than 0.01, at 15, 30 and 45 mM K+ in presence of 2.8 mM glucose and at 30 mM K in presence of 16.7 mM glucose). But lysosomal AP and CB enzymes did not record proportionate change. Thus a definite stimulation in the release of insulin without significant change in AP and CB were seen.
Animals↗
Hypoglycemic activity of Swertia chirayita (Roxb ex Flem) Karst.
Hexane fraction of S. chirayita (250 mg/kg body wt.) induced significant fall in blood sugar and significant increase in plasma IRI simultaneously after single oral administration without influencing liver glycogen concentration in albino rats. On the other hand, daily administration for 28 days resulted in significant lowering of blood sugar and increase in plasma IRI along with a significant rise in liver glycogen. Intestinal absorption of glucose was not inhibited by hexane fraction. It is suggested that hexane fraction of S. chirayita possibly acts through its insulin releasing effect.
Animals↗
Effect of various organic compounds on synthesis of glucoamylase by an isolated strain Penicillium italicum.
Yeast extract (0.5%) stimulates the production of glucoamylase and cell synthesis while methylene blue (0.1 mM) activates the synthesis of glucoamylase. Studies on the metabolic changes during fermentation of glucoamylase in a selected medium by P. italicum show that the rate of production of glucoamylase and cellular growth are greatly accelerated between 48 and 168 hr. Rapid growth of cells during this period may account for enhanced utilization of maltose and NH4NO3 from the medium. The acid production remains constant from 48 to 144 hr. Different forms of nitrogen decrease steadily. Although methylene blue stimulates the production of glucoamylase in the broth it has practically no effect on the rate of utilization of amino and total nitrogen from the broth.
Fermentation↗
Blood sugar lowering potentiality of selected Cucurbitaceae plants of Indian origin.
Using five experimental models, the blood sugar lowering efficacy of eight plants of Cucurbitaceae family has been assessed. The ethanolic extract of Cucumis sativus Linn, Cucumis melo utilissimum Roxb, Cucumis melo Linn, Benincasa hispida Thunb Cogn and Tricosanthes anguina Nees, when administered in 250 mg/kg dose, orally to rats failed to lower blood sugar or to depress the peak value, after glucose load. However, ethanolic extract of Momordica charantia Linn plant and Coccinia indica Whit and Arn root significantly lowered blood sugar in fasted model and depressed the peak value in glucose loaded model. Ethanolic extract of Tricosanthes dioica Roxb plant caused a significant lowering of blood sugar in fasted rats and depressed the peak value in glucose loaded single and longterm fed groups of rats. The ethanolic extract of the aerial part of T. dioica also induced significant depression in the peak values in the glucose loaded models.
Analysis of Variance↗
Effect of herbicide banvel on rabbit vaginal mucus membrane.
Effect of banvel and its active ingredient, dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) was investigated employing rabbit mucus membrane irritancy test. Inflammatory changes which did not exceed an average score of 2+ were observed in the animals 48 hr after a single intravaginal application of banvel (0.1 ml/rabbit) and dicamba (100 mg/rabbit). Persistent histopathological changes were observed in 1 out of 6 banvel-treated rabbits 15 days post-application. The results suggest that banvel and dicamba are not primary irritants but should nevertheless be employed with caution.
Animals↗
Anti-secretagogue effect of lithium on isolated rat islets of Langerhans.
Administration of lithium carbonate solution (50 mg/kg, po, twice daily) to Charles Foster male albino rats for 45 consecutive days caused an intolerance to oral glucose. Inhibition in (pro)insulin biosynthesis followed by a significant fall in immunoreactive insulin release was seen in islets isolated from identically treated rats. As the activities of acid phosphatase and cathepsin B were unaltered, it is possible that the anti-secretagogue effect is sequential to inhibition of (pro)insulin biosynthesis by lithium.
Animals↗
Changes in pancreatic beta cell function during growth and reproductive maturity of rats.
An attempt has been made to study the changes, if any, in the efficiency of pancreatic beta cell function at different ages using one experimental model. For this, pancreatic islets were isolated from albino rats of 3, 8, 12 and 36 weeks of age and challenged with various concentrations of glucose (11.0, 16.7 and 22.2 mM). Significantly higher rate of glucose stimulated (pro)insulin biosynthesis was seen in the islets from 3 week old rats as compared to the islets obtained from 8, 12 and 36 week rats. On the other hand, immunoreactive insulin release was observed to be highest from islets of 8 week old rats followed by that of 12, 36 and 3 week old ones.
Aging↗
Effects of prednisolone and dexamethasone on (pro)insulin biosynthesis and insulin release by rat islets of Langerhans.
Administration of either prednisolone or dexamethasone (10 mg/kg body wt/day/oral) to rats for 21 days resulted in inhibition of (pro)insulin biosynthesis and immunoreactive insulin release by isolated islets. A gradual reversal of prednisolone's effect was obtained after exposing islets to increasing glucose concentrations but glucose challenges failed to influence dexamethasone's effect.
Animals↗
Effect of prolonged administration of cyclosporin A on (pro)insulin biosynthesis and insulin release by rat islets of Langerhans.
One group of rats received, an oral dose of 25 mg/kg body weight of Cyclosporin A daily for 21 consecutive days in olive oil, whereas the control group received an equal amount of the vehicle for the same period. On the 22nd day animals selected at random from both the groups were subjected to glucose tolerance (1.5 g/kg body weight/oral). The blood sugar values indicated glucose intolerance in experimental rats compared to vehicle-treated rats. The remaining animals were killed, and the pancreases were separated for islet isolation. After incubation of islets for 3 hr at 37 degrees with different glucose challenges, a highly significant (P less than 0.001) lowering of (pro)insulin biosynthesis, significant decrease in IRI release as well as significant inhibition in activities of acid phosphatase and cathepsin B was seen.
Acid Phosphatase↗
Drug treatment in the elderly in South Nottinghamshire. A community audit.
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Aged↗
Accelerated fracture union in association with severe head injury.
Union occurred unusually rapidly in 13 fractures of long bones in 11 patients who had sustained severe head injuries. Possible metabolic mechanisms for this are discussed and it is suggested that respiratory alkalosis associated with severe head injury or its treatment affects the rate of deposition of callus by modifying the pH at the fracture site. Fractures in patients with severe head injuries should be restored to an acceptable position early in order to avoid malunion.
Adult↗
Effect of different fractions of Swertia chirayita on the blood sugar level of albino rats.
A 95% ethanol extract and four fractions of Swertia chirayita were tested for blood sugar lowering activity in rats when given orally at 250 mg/kg. The hexane fraction caused maximum lowering although the ethanol extract was clearly active. Of the four dose levels of the hexane fraction tested, 250 mg/kg was found to produce the optimum effect and 300 mg/kg did not evoke a better response. The optimum dose produced significant lowering of blood sugar in fed, glucose-loaded and tolbutamide-pretreated animal models, but not in fasted rats.
Administration, Oral↗
Effect of whole body gamma-radiation on glutathione reductase of rat tissues.
Adult female Sprague Dawley rats approximate ten months old were exposed to whole body gamma radiation of sublethal (4 Gy) and lethal (10 Gy) doses of radiation. Serum glutathione reductase enzyme values of 4 Gy exposed rats did not show any change on first and fourth day but significantly decreased on eighth day, while enzyme values in 10 Gy exposed group remained unaltered throughout. Heart glutathione reductase activities of sublethal group did not show any change on first and eighth day but significantly decreased on fourth day. Rats exposed to lethal doses of radiation, enzyme activities remained unchanged throughout. Liver glutathione reductase enzyme values of 4 Gy exposed group showed significant decrease on first and fourth day but arrived at control values on eighth day while the same in 10 Gy exposed group showed significant decrease from first day till the eighth day. An appreciable diminution was observed in spleen glutathione reductase enzyme activities of sublethal and lethal exposed rats from first day till eighth day.
Animals↗
Synthesis and hypoglycemic activity of peptides related to insulin fragment B22-25.
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Animals↗