An analysis of the effect of age on survival after heart transplant.
BACKGROUND: Advances in immunosuppression and reports of improved survival after cardiac transplantation have led to a liberalization of traditional recipient eligibility criteria, especially age. While age alone is not a contraindication to transplantation, conflicting data exists regarding long-term survival of the older transplant recipient. METHODS: One hundred-fifty three patients undergoing consecutive first time cardiac transplantation from June 7, 1985 through February 1, 1997 were studied. For purposes of analysis, patients were stratified according to age (<55 years vs. >55 years) and hospital and late outcomes determined. RESULTS: The incidence of early and late acute cellular rejection was not different based up on age. The freedom from infection at 12 months was 54+/-5% for patients < or =55 compared to 32+/-8% for patients >55 years old (p = .04). Five year estimated survival for patients >55 years old was only 56+/-9% compared to 78+/-5% for patients < or =55 years old (p = .005). The hazard for death was highest within the first post-transplant year for older patients and was most commonly due to infection. Both advanced age and pre-transplant diagnosis of ischemic cardiomyopathy were found to be independently and additively predictive of reduced late survival. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, late survival was adversely influenced by advanced age. Older patients (>55 years) with pre-transplant diagnosis of ischemic cardiomyopathy were particularly at high risk (risk ratio 4.6:1) for death. Given little prospect of expanding the number of donor hearts, careful selection of patients over the age of 55 with pre-transplant ischemic cardiomyopathy is warranted.