Surface characterization of industrial fibers with inverse gas chromatography.
Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) was applied for the determination of the surface characteristics of Tenax carbon fibers and Akzo Nobel Twaron fibers. Furthermore, IGC procedures for the determination of dispersive and acid-base interactions were validated. The data show that too high values for the dispersive component of the surface energy are obtained when the adsorption area occupied by a single adsorbed n-alkane molecule is estimated from parameters of the corresponding liquid. Comparable values are obtained when the Doris-Gray methodology (area per methylene unit) or measured probe areas are employed. For the fibers studied in this work meaningful Gibbs energy values of the acid-base interaction were only obtained with the polarizability approach. When the dispersive interaction of the polar probes with the fiber surface was scaled to the n-alkane interaction via surface tension, the boiling point, or the vapor pressure of the probes often negative acid-base interaction energies were found. From the temperature dependence of the Gibbs energy, the enthalpy of the acid-base interactions of various probes with the carbon and Twaron aramid fibers was determined. However, from these enthalpy values no meaningful acid-base surface parameters could be obtained. Generally, the limited accuracy with which these parameters can be obtained make the usefulness of this procedure questionable. Also the Gibbs energy data of acid-base interaction can provide a qualitative basis to classify the acidity-basicity of the fiber surface. This latter approach requires only a limited data set and is sufficiently rapid to enable the use of IGC as a screening tool for fibers at a production site. For several polar probes significant concentration effects on carbon fibers were observed. At very low probe loadings the interaction with the fiber surface suddenly increases. This effect is caused by the heterogeneity of the interaction energy of the active sites at the surface. A simple procedure to measure the adsorption isotherm at infinite dilution was developed. The determination of the concentration dependence of the interaction of an n-alkane, an acidic and a basic probe was incorporated in the IGC screening procedure of carbon fibers to monitor this heterogeneity.