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Biomedical subjects

S Krugman

Publications and source records attributed to S Krugman.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Hepatitis B vaccination in children: five year booster study.

AIM: to demonstrate that appropriate doses of hepatitis B vaccines would be protective for at least five years in children. This would be shown by administering booster doses and measuring the response. METHODS: 2 micrograms intramuscular (IM) doses of Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD) recombinant DNA vaccine (rDNAV) were given to 318 children who had received age appropriate doses of MSD plasma derived vaccine (PDV) five years earlier. Sera were tested for hepatitis B virus (HBV) seromarkers pre- and postbooster. RESULTS: all children who had responsed to primary immunisation demonstrated an anamnestic response. The geometric mean titre (GMT) of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (antiHBs) rose from 89 to 4777 IU/L. AntiHBs was detected in 94% of vaccinees just prior to the five year booster, and 96.5% a mean of 10 days later. CONCLUSION: when initial vaccine seroconversion is satisfactory, protection of responders persists for at least five years, assuming that the response to vaccine boosters mimics the response to wild virus. Therefore, for population control of hepatitis B in children in endemic areas, booster doses are not required for at least five years.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1992

Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: a safety and immunogenicity study in health professionals.

The safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine (HM175 strain) were evaluated in 150 seronegative health professionals. The age range was 21-65 years and the mean age was 30 years. The vaccine was administered at a dose of 720 ELISA units (EU) to 73 vaccinees at 0, 1 and 6 months, and to 77 vaccinees at 0, 1 and 12 months. The seroconversion rates were 88 and 90% in the two groups, respectively, one month after the first inoculation and 99 and 100% one month after the second inoculation. The geometric mean antibody titres were similar in both groups, exceeding 3000 mIU/ml one month after the third inoculation. The vaccine was well tolerated. The most frequent side effect was transient soreness at the site of the inoculation. No serious adverse reactions were observed. The study demonstrated that the HM175 inactivated hepatitis A vaccine was safe and highly immunogenic.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The resurgence of measles in the United States, 1989-1990.

After almost a decade of relatively few reported cases, a major resurgence of measles occurred in the United States in 1989-1990. The increase primarily involved unvaccinated racial and ethnic minority children less than five years of age residing in inner-city areas. Outbreaks of measles among vaccinated school-aged children continued to occur but had less impact than outbreaks among preschool-aged children. Efforts to prevent measles must be aimed at improving age-specific measles vaccination coverage among preschool-aged children, and implementation of a two-dose measles strategy among school-aged children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Sexual abuse and corporal punishment during childhood: a pilot retrospective survey of university students in Costa Rica.

A sample of 497 students at the University of Costa Rica completed a survey on perceptions and experiences with various forms of punishment and experiences with sexual abuse during childhood. Spanking was shown to be the most widely accepted and most common form of discipline. The majority of the students considered most types of punishment forms of abuse. This study lacks a comparison group and cannot be generalized to the entire Costa Rican population. The section on sexual abuse demonstrated that 32% of the women and 13% of the men experienced some type of sexual abuse during childhood. The abuse mainly occurred between the ages of 5 and 10, and men were most often perpetrators.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Viral hepatitis, type B. Studies on natural history and prevention re-examined.

Frozen serial serum specimens obtained from past studies on the natural history and prevention of Type B hepatitis in children were retested by radioimmunoassay for the following markers of hepatitis B infection: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody (anti-HBe), and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). The interval between exposure and evidence of viremia (HBsAg) was as short as six days. HBsAg and HBeAg persisted for two to five months and occasionally for more than one year after recovery. After the disappearance of their respective antigens, anti-HBc and anti-HBs persisted for more than seven years and anti-HBe for one to two years. Treatment with hepatitis B immune globulin after exposure induced complete or partial protection or prolongation of the incubation period. Administration of heat-inactivated hepatitis B virus, MS-2 strain, to 29 children induced an inapparent infection in three, characterized by a transient appearance of HBsAg and HBeAg, and the persistence of anti-HBc, anti-HBe and anti-HBs for more than two years.

Aspartate Aminotransferases↗
PubMed1979

Sensitive neutralization test for rubella antibody.

A modified rubella virus plaque neutralization test for measuring rubella antibody was developed based on the potentiation of the virus-antibody complex by heterologous anti-immunoglobulin. The test is highly sensitive, yielding titers on the average 50 to 100 times higher than the haemagglutination inhibition test or the conventional plaque neutralization test. The sensitivity of this enhanced neutralization test is somewhat limited by the existence of a prozone phenomenon which precludes testing of low-titered sera below a dilution of 1:16. No prozone effect was observed with cerebrospinal fluids. The specificity of the enhanced neutralization test was determined by seroconversion of individuals receiving rubella vaccine. Although the rubella hemagglutination inhibition test remains the test of choice in routine diagnostic and surveillance work, the enhanced rubella neutralization test is particularly useful in monitoring low-level antibody in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with neurological disorders and in certain instances of vaccine failure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Measles and mumps immunization: benefit versus risk factors.

Measles and mumps are universal diseases that affect more than 90% of the population of most countries of the world. During the prevaccine era about 98% of young adults had serologic evidence of past measles infection. Although mumps infection was less prevalent, about 90% of persons were infected before they reached their 20th birthday. Before vaccines were available, measles and mumps were inevitable infections of childhood. Therefore, an assessment of the benefits and risks of immunization to prevent these diseases must also consider the consequences of naturally acquired measles and mumps infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Viral hepatitis.

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Animals↗