Serotonin receptor sensitivity and suicide.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
S L Brown
Publications and source records attributed to S L Brown.
G-CSF and peripheral blood progenitor cells.
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Adolescent↗
Suicide and violence associated with panic attacks.
Several studies have indicated that patients with panic attacks have a higher rate of suicide attempts as well as deaths from suicide. Additionally, several investigators have presented case reports of individuals manifesting suicidal and violent behaviors directly and temporally associated with panic attacks. We report on four additional cases and suggest that these findings may explain, in part, the increased rate of suicidal behavior among patients with panic attacks found by some investigators. Furthermore, these case reports offer preliminary evidence that the relationship between violent behavior and the panic state may be clinically significant and deserving of further elucidation.
Adult↗
The relationship of personality to mood and anxiety states: a dimensional approach.
This study evaluates the relationship of personality to mood and anxiety states in a sample of 50 psychiatric out patients. In order to overcome arbitrariness inherent in categorical diagnoses of affective, personality and anxiety disorders, we use a dimensional approach to personality, mood and anxiety. According to our results, mood and anxiety states affect personality domains differentially. Namely, relatively large portions of personality and behavior, such as higher-order traits of novelty seeking and reward dependence, seem independent from mood and anxiety states. In contrast, the higher-order dimension of harm avoidance and its corresponding lower-order traits reflect changes in mood and anxiety to a much greater extent. Both the likelihood that large portions of personality may be independent from current mood and the likelihood that some precisely delineated personality domains tend to change simultaneously with current mood may improve our understanding of the relationship of personality to emotionality and affective disorders.
Adult↗
Localization and characterization of serologic epitopes on HLA-A2.
A panel of cells expressing 68 different mutant HLA-A2 genes was generated by site-directed mutagenesis and DNA-mediated gene transfer in order to define the regions of class I MHC molecules that contribute to the epitopes recognized by mAb. Each of the variant HLA-A2 molecules differed from HLA-A2.1 by a single amino acid substitution. The substitutions were located in both the alpha-helices and beta-strands of the alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains, and included residues that are highly polymorphic and that are conserved. All but five of the variant HLA-A2 molecules were expressed at levels that ranged from approximately 25%-100% the levels found for HLA-A2.1. The remaining five variants had no detectable expression and all involved substitutions at highly conserved residues. Eleven mAbs with specificities that ranged from highly HLA-A2 specific to monomorphic were analyzed for their ability to bind the variant HLA-A2 molecules. The results demonstrate that the binding of five of 11 mAbs could be mapped to the alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains. MA2.1 was the only antibody mapped to the alpha 1 domain. CR11-351 and A2,A28M1 recognized an overlapping epitope at the amino terminal end of the alpha 2-helix, and PA2.1 and BB7.2 recognized an overlapping epitope that includes the carboxy terminus of the alpha 2-helix and a turn on one of the underlying beta-strands. These results demonstrate that positions located on the surface of the molecule, but not within the peptide-binding cleft of the molecule, are important in serological specificities.
Cross Reactions↗
Developmental toxicity of CI-921, an anilinoacridine antitumor agent.
CI-921, an anilinoacridine compound active against leukemic and solid tumors, was evaluated for potential developmental toxicity. Intravenous injections of CI-921 in dextrose were given to female Sprague-Dawley rats (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg) on Gestation Days (GD) 6-15 and to female New Zealand White rabbits (0.1, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) on GD 6-18. Appropriate vehicle and untreated controls were included. Maternal and fetal parameters, including external, visceral, and skeletal malformations and variations, were assessed. Treatment of rats with 1.0 mg/kg resulted in maternal toxicity, manifested as reduced body weight gain and food consumption during and after treatment. Reduced fetal body weight, an increased incidence of stunted fetuses, malformations of the axial and appendicular skeleton, microphthalmia, and an increased number of anatomical variations (including anomalies of the axial skeleton and apparent hydronephrosis) also occurred in rats at 1.0 mg/kg. Treatment of rabbits resulted in no apparent maternal toxicity. However, reduced fetal body weight, agenesis of the azygous lobe of the lung, and an increased incidence of variations of the axial skeleton occurred at 2.0 mg/kg in rabbits. These results indicate that CI-921, at the highest dose tested in each species, produced developmental toxicity in the presence of maternal toxicity in rats, but in the absence of maternal toxicity in rabbits.
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
Self-help smoking cessation materials.
Smoking-cessation campaigns and services use printed self-help materials as a major medium for assisting smokers to quit. Such materials are associated with abstinence rates of up to 20% at 12-month follow-ups. Adherence to the specific content of self-instructional programs can be poor, but higher levels of reported adherence may be associated with a greater likelihood of cessation. Personalized cessation materials do not enhance cessation rates, but social support and minimal levels of personal contact do. Research is needed to identify which specific components of these programs are effective, how adherence may be promoted and how materials may be used in conjunction with other interventions--particularly cost-effective forms of counselling and social support.
Humans↗
Correlates of Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire Scales with selected Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Scales.
The pattern of correlations between selected MMPI scales and the scales of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire were examined in a convenience sample of 88 patients who had received both tests. Time between tests (usually less than one year) did not affect the correlations, but MMPI response-set variables (L, F, K, F-K) did. The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire harm avoidance scale and subscales had many correlates on the MMPI. The Novelty seeking scale and subscales showed a number of moderate correlations with a smaller number of MMPI scales; these correlations did not significantly exceed the correlations with MMPI response-set variables. The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire reward dependence scale and subscales had few, if any, significant MMPI correlates. It was also noted that no Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire scales were related to MMPI repression factor scores.
Adolescent↗
Physician malpractice trends in the 1990s.
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Humans↗
Factors influencing the thermosensitivity of two rodent tumors.
When SCCVII or KHT tumors (150 mm3) growing in the dorsum of the hind feet of mice were heated in a water bath at 44 degrees C for 60 min, the local control rate was 75 or 5%, respectively. To investigate factors responsible for the differential thermosensitivity between SCCVII and KHT tumors, the intratumor temperature distributions during heating and the thermosensitivities of the tumor cells were studied. Significant temperature heterogeneity was observed in heated tumors. The thermal dose distribution during heating for the sensitive SCCVII tumors was found to be more homogeneous than that for the resistant KHT tumors. For cells grown and heated in culture, SCCVII and KHT cells had similar thermosensitivities. However, when heated in vivo, both SCCVII and KHT cells were more sensitive than their counterparts grown in culture and SCCVII cells were more sensitive than KHT cells. If cells dispersed from the tumors were cultured in medium for 6 h and then heated, both types of cells became as resistant as cells grown in culture. One possible reason for tumor cells to be more sensitive to heating in vivo than in vitro, the temperature of unheated tumors, was examined. It was found that the temperature in the same region in unheated tumors varied temporally by several degrees with an average temperature of 31-32 degrees C. We found no evidence that the temperature during tumor growth could greatly influence the thermosensitivity of the tumor cells. Our findings indicate that a more homogeneous distribution of temperature in the tumor during heating and higher in vivo thermosensitivity of the tumor cells are characteristics of the more heat-sensitive tumor.
Animals↗
Smokers unlikely to quit.
Data from a population survey were used to examine the relationships of the number and the duration of previous smoking cessation attempts with current confidence and perceived difficulty of quitting, beliefs about reasons for current smoking and for previous relapses, and preferences for different forms of assistance with cessation. There were significant positive relationships between the duration of previous cessation attempts and perceived difficulty and between the number of previous cessation attempts and confidence. Those who had made more cessation attempts and who had been able to abstain for less than a week were more likely to attribute both relapse and current smoking to uncontrollable factors such as addiction. There were no relationships between cessation attempts and preferences expressed for personalized, or any other, forms of assistance with cessation. These results support the proposition that multiple and short-duration smoking-cessation attempts are related to reduced optimism regarding future cessation.
Adult↗
Correlates of risk of suicide in violent and nonviolent psychiatric patients.
OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to identify variables that correlate with the risk of suicide in two patient groups that differ mainly in their level of expressed aggression. METHOD: Twenty-eight psychiatric patients with a history of violent behavior who were in a forensic psychiatric facility were tested and compared to 28 psychiatric inpatients without a history of violence who were admitted to a large municipal hospital. Measures used included a battery of self-report questionnaires, with acceptable reliability and validity, that provided indices of risk of suicide, risk of violence, impulsivity, anger, anxiety, and various mood states. RESULTS: The two groups, matched on demographic variables and overall risk of suicide, differed significantly on the measured risk of violence. The two groups showed similar patterns of correlations between risk of suicide and such variables as risk of violence, anger, fear, state and trait anxiety, lack of impulse control, suspiciousness, and rebelliousness. They differed in the correlation between suicide risk and depression. In the nonviolent patients there was a high correlation between risk of suicide and sadness; in the violent patients there was no correlation between these variables. CONCLUSIONS: The low correlation between sadness and risk of suicide in the violent patients, and the low prevalence of affective disorder diagnoses in these patients compared to other patients, suggests that suicidal risk should be managed differently in highly violent patients than in others.
Adult↗
AIDS and training in internal medicine.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Interrelationships among anxiety, aggression, impulsivity, and mood: a serotonergically linked cluster?
Serotonin abnormalities appear to be related to a variety of psychopathological dimensions such as anxiety, depressed mood, impulsivity, and aggression dysregulation. We hypothesized that the psychopathological dimensions related to serotonin would be significantly intercorrelated since they seem to have a common biological basis. Sixty psychiatric inpatients were examined on a series of psychometric tests measuring suicidality, violence potential, impulsivity, depressive mood, and anxiety. The scores on all of these measures tended to be significantly correlated with one another. These findings support the additional hypothesis that biological markers may be more closely related to basic psychological dimensions than to nosological categories.
Adult↗
Nosological tunnel vision in biological psychiatry. A plea for a functional psychopathology.
Classical nosology has been the major cornerstone of biological psychiatric research; finding biological markers and eventually causes of disease entities has been the major goal. Another approach, one we have designated as "functional," seems possible, attempting to correlate biological variables with psychological dysfunctions, the latter being considered to be the basic units of classification in psychopathology. We have pursued this route for many years, and based on the resulting findings we formulated the following hypothesis. Signs of diminished dopamine, serotonine, and noradrenaline metabolism, as have been found in psychiatric disorders, are not disorder-specific, but rather are related to psychopathological dimensions; i.e., hypoactivity/inertia; increased aggression/anxiety and anhedonia, independent of the nosological framework in which these dysfunctions occur (van Praag et al. 1990). In this paper only the 5-HT data have been discussed. Implications of the functional approach for psychiatry are discussed, including a shift from nosological to functional application of psychotropic drugs. Functional psychopharmacology will be dysfunction-oriented and therefore inevitably geared towards utilizing drug combinations. This prospect is hailed as progress, both practically and scientifically.
5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
Receptor-mediated endocytosis of low-density lipoprotein by cultured human glomerular cells.
Lipoproteins might be involved in the pathogenesis of glomerular damage. Uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by cultured human glomerular cells has been studied using LDL, labelled with the fluorescent probe 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3'3'-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine perchlorate (diI). Cells have been characterised using phase-contrast microscopy, monoclonal antibodies and lectins. Differentiated glomerular epithelial cells, epithelial-like cells and mesangial cells all took up diI-LDL. Uptake was specific for LDL, of high affinity and inhibited by excess unlabelled LDL, heparin and preloading the cells with cholesterol. Binding of diI-LDL to the cell surface was restricted to discrete areas which were arranged in linear arrays on mesangial cells. Endocytosis of surface-bound diI-LDL occurred within 3 min and breakdown of internalised diI-LDL within 30 min. These results indicate that cultured human glomerular cells take up LDL by receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Cells, Cultured↗
Monoamines and abnormal behaviour. A multi-aminergic perspective.
Classical nosology has been the cornerstone of biological psychiatric research; finding biological markers and eventually causes of disease entities has been the major goal. Another approach, designated as 'functional', is advanced here, attempting to correlate biological variables with psychological dysfunctions, the latter being considered to be the basic units of classification in psychopathology. Signs of diminished DA, 5-HT and NA metabolism, as have been found in psychiatric disorders, are not disorder-specific, but rather are related to psychopathological dimensions (hypoactivity/inertia, increased aggression/anxiety, and anhedonia) independent of the nosological framework in which these dysfunctions occur. Implications of the functional approach for psychiatry include a shift from nosological to functional application of psychotropic drugs. Functional psychopharmacology will be dysfunction-orientated and therefore geared towards utilising drug combinations. This prospect is hailed as progress, both practically and scientifically.
Arousal↗