Planning our future: the Poultry Science Association strategic plan.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
S L Noll
Publications and source records attributed to S L Noll.
Content and relative bioavailability of phosphorus in distillers dried grains with solubles in chicks.
Total phosphorus analysis was performed on 20 samples of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and three experiments were conducted to determine the bioavailability of P in different samples of DDGS varying in Lys digestibility and heat processing (autoclaving). Relative bioavailability of P was estimated from tibia ash using the slope ratio method after chicks were fed a P-deficient corn-soybean meal diet supplemented with 0.05 or 0.10% P from KH2PO4 or supplemented with 2 levels of the test DDGS (7 to 25%). The mean total P value for the 20 DDGS samples was 0.73 +/- 0.04% (SD), with an average dry matter value of 88 +/- 0.8% (SD). In experiment 1, the bioavailability coefficient for P in a random sample of DDGS relative to KH2PO4 was 69%. In experiment 2, the relative bioavailabilities of P in low digestible Lys DDGS 1, low digestible Lys DDGS 2, and high digestible Lys DDGS 3 were 102, 82 and 75%, respectively (P < 0.05). For experiment 3, the P bioavailability coefficients for a light-colored nonautoclaved DDGS and the same DDGS autoclaved at 121 degrees C and 124 pKa were 75 and 87%, respectively (P < 0.05). Our results showed that the total P content of DDGS was similar to the 0.72% value reported by the NRC (1994), but the relative P bioavailability is higher than the value estimated from NRC (1994) based on table values for total and nonphytate P content. Our results also indicated that there is substantial variability in P bioavailability among different DDGS samples and suggest that increased heat processing may increase the bioavailability of P in DDGS.
Animals↗
Pathogenesis of avian pneumovirus infection in turkeys.
Avian pneumovirus (APV) is the cause of a respiratory disease of turkeys characterized by coughing, ocular and nasal discharge, and swelling of the infraorbital sinuses. Sixty turkey poults were reared in isolation conditions. At 3 weeks of age, serum samples were collected and determined to be free of antibodies against APV, avian influenza, hemorrhagic enteritis, Newcastle disease, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma meleagridis, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, and Bordetella avium. When the poults were 4 weeks old, they were inoculated with cell culture-propagated APV (APV/Minnesota/turkey/2a/97) via the conjunctival spaces and nostrils. After inoculation, four poults were euthanatized every 2 days for 14 days, and blood, swabs, and tissues were collected. Clinical signs consisting of nasal discharge, swelling of the infraorbital sinuses, and frothy ocular discharge were evident by 2 days postinoculation (PI) and persisted until day 12 PI. Mild inflammation of the mucosa of the nasal turbinates and infraorbital sinuses was present between days 2 and 10 PI. Mild inflammatory changes were seen in tracheas of poults euthanatized between days 4 and 10 PI. Antibody to APV was detected by day 7 PI. The virus was detected in tissue preparations and swabs of nasal turbinates and infraorbital sinuses by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, virus isolation, and immunohistochemical staining methods between days 2 and 10 PI. Virus was detected in tracheal tissue and swabs between days 2 and 6 PI using the same methods. In this experiment, turkey poults inoculated with tissue culture-propagated APV developed clinical signs similar to those seen in field cases associated with infection with this virus.
Animals↗
Immunohistochemical detection of avian pneumovirus in formalin-fixed tissues.
An immunohistochemical staining technique (IHC) was developed to detect avian pneumovirus (APV) antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections using streptavidin-biotin immunoperoxidase staining. Samples of nasal turbinates and infraorbital sinuses were collected from 4-week-old poults experimentally inoculated with APV and from older turkeys infected during naturally occurring outbreaks of avian pneumovirus. Tissue was fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained. Inflammatory changes were observed microscopically in the mucosa and submucosa of the nasal turbinates and infraorbital sinuses of both experimentally inoculated poults and naturally infected birds. Viral antigen was detected by IHC in the ciliated epithelial cells of nasal turbinates and infraorbital sinuses.
Animals↗
Limiting amino acids after methionine and lysine with growing turkeys fed low-protein diets.
The effectiveness of Thr and other amino acids (AA) replacing CP in Met- and Lys-adequate diets of Large White male turkeys was studied from 6 wk to market age. Experiment (EXP) 1 examined efficacy of Thr and an AA grouping in corn-soybean (CS) diets containing 82.8 and 77.0% of NRC CP and in corn-soybean-canola-meat (CSCM) diets containing 85.2 and 79.4% of NRC (1984) CP. Experiment 2 compared AA responses in CSCM diets containing 100, 92.5, 85, and 77.5% of NRC (1994) CP. Compared with control CP, 1) 92.5% of NRC CP supported maximum BW, and supplemental Thr or Trp was without effect; 2) 82.8 to 85.2% of NRC CP resulted in reduced BW and breast meat yield (BMY), and supplemental Thr or Trp was ineffective in reversing this reduction, and 3) 77 to 79% of NRC CP resulted in depressed BW and BMY. Supplemental Thr provided a substantial positive BW but no BMY response, whereas a combination of Thr, Ile, Val, Arg, and Trp completely returned BW and partially returned BMY to that of the normal CP control. Turkeys on CS and CSCM assay diet series supported BW responses to CP and AA similarly. We concluded that in low-CP diets containing Met and Lys to requirement, supplemental Thr resulted in improved BW, whereas Thr, Ile, Val, Trp, and Arg returned BW, but not BMY, to normal CP control.
Amino Acids↗
Identification of limiting amino acids in methionine- and lysine-supplemented low-protein diets for turkeys.
Large White male turkeys were fed 100, 85, 70, or 60% of NRC (1994) CP during 7 to 28 d (Experiment (EXP) 1), 8 to 12 wk (EXP 2), and 16 to 20 wk (EXP 3) of age. Diets contained corn, soybean, canola, and meat meals and were supplemented with Met and Lys to requirement. The influence of supplementary amino acids (AA) was studied at each protein level. Turkeys fed 85% CP gained BW similarly to those fed 100% of NRC CP (control) during each age range. Supplemental Thr, Val, and Ile during 7 to 28 d or 8 to 12 wk, or Thr during 16 to 20 wk, did not result in positive BW gain response. For turkeys fed 70% CP, BW gain was depressed compared with the normal-CP control in each period. During 7 to 28 d and 8 to 12 wk of age, the combination of Thr, Ile, Val, Arg, and Trp to 100% of NRC reversed the BW depression; here only Thr, Ile, and Val were essential components of the response. The BW depression during 16 to 20 wk was reversed by the combination of Thr, Ile, Val, and Trp. For turkeys fed 60% of CP, BW gain was severely depressed. The combination of Thr, Ile, Val, Trp, and Arg resulted in nearly complete BW recovery during each age.
Aging↗
Market turkey performance, air quality, and energy consumption affected by partial slotted flooring.
Two experiments were conducted with 600 male Large White turkeys to examine performance and health when reared from 5 to 18 wk of age on litter (L) partially slotted flooring (SF), and under two ventilation rates-control and reduced ventilation (80% control). In both experiments, body weights were improved significantly (P < 0.05) for turkeys reared on SF compared to L by 11 and 16% in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. In comparison to L, SF significantly decreased incidence of leg problems in Experiment 1, whereas the incidence of breast blisters and buttons were increased in Experiment 2. Ammonia levels were reduced with SF, whereas dust levels were increased. Ventilation rate did not affect turkey performance. Ammonia and carbon dioxide levels were increased with reduced ventilation in Experiment 1. Dust levels were not affected by ventilation rate. Supplemental energy use was decreased in the SF system or by reducing the ventilation rate. In comparison to the control ventilation/litter treatment, the greatest decrease in energy use was observed with SF at 80% ventilation rates. Results indicate that the use of SF in a cold climate can improve body weight and substantially reduce energy use when excessive litter moisture is a problem. However, a greater incidence of blisters will limit application of SF due to lowered carcass quality and value.
Air↗
Replacing protein in corn-soybean turkey diets with methionine and lysine.
The extent to which dietary protein can be minimized by using Met and Lys supplements for market turkeys has been investigated in three experiments involving 2,750 birds. Large White (Nicholas) male turkey poults were fed corn-soybean meal diets of varying protein level to supply Lys from 80 to 120 of NRC (1984) from day-old to 18 wk of age. Performance with diets of 90% NRC Lys was equal to that with diets of higher Lys, provided that SAA were at 100% of NRC. Up to .2% Lys.HCl could be substituted into the 100 or 90% of NRC diets with no depression in performance, suggesting that the other essential amino acids were present in adequate amounts. When turkeys were fed diets of 85% of NRC (1984) Lys, maximum growth and breast meat yield were obtained with supplemental SAA at 100% during 0 to 18 wk of age and Lys at 100% during 12 to 18 wk of age. The requirements for other amino acids were supplied by diets formulated to provide 85% of the Lys requirement from protein. These values were for turkeys subjected to 18 C during final growout; they were not adequate in warmer temperatures.
Animal Feed↗
Dietary biotin and turkey breeder performance.
The effect of biotin supplementation on turkey breeder hen performance was examined in two experiments. A corn-soybean meal-based breeder diet was supplemented with biotin to provide a low (.178 mg/kg) and high (.75 mg/kg) level of dietary biotin. The diets were fed to female-line hens (Nicholas strain) starting at time of light stimulation (31 and 30 wk of age for Experiments 1 and 2, respectively) for 27 wk. Each diet was fed to four replicate pens of 25 hens each. In Experiment 1, egg production and hatchability of fertile eggs from hens fed the high level of biotin was significantly greater (P < .05) during 50 to 54 wk of age. Egg production and hatchability were improved by 22 and 10%, respectively, from 50 to 54 wk of age. In Experiment 2, reproductive performance was unaffected by biotin level during 33 to 57 wk of age. The higher level of dietary biotin seemed beneficial in supporting later reproductive performance in one of two experiments.
Animals↗
Influence of virginiamycin on growth and efficiency of large white turkeys.
Efficacy of virginiamycin (22 mg/kg) in combination with no drug, amprolium, carbarsone, halofuginone, or monensin, was studied. Male and female turkeys were raised to market age in five experiments conducted from 1983 to 1987. Body weights and feed:gain responses to virginiamycin for males and females were positive and significant (P less than .05). Virginiamycin resulted in mean 5.2 and 6.3% body weight responses and 3.3 and 2.2% feed:gain responses for males at 19 or 20 wk of age and for females at 16 or 17 wk of age, respectively. Mortality rates were low in all studies, and were not influenced by virginiamycin. In a processing study, virginiamycin in combination with halofuginone did not affect shrinkage, yield, or market grade. Feed was utilized by males and females 3.9 and 3.0%, respectively, more efficiently than expected with dietary virginiamycin, compared with results predicted by a simulation modeling technique. Profitability was considerably greater with dietary virginiamycin using actual data than with simulated feed consumption data.
Amebicides↗
Effect of diet and population density on male turkeys under various environmental conditions. 1. Turkey growth and health performance.
The performance of 1,312 male market turkeys (Large White, Nicholas strain) from 0 to 20 wk of age fed diets varying in feed form and energy level was measured under two stocking densities (.21 or .46 m2 per bird) and four lighting and temperature programs. The four diets were 1) corn and soybean meal with 1% supplemental fat, mash (CSM); 2) as 1, pelleted (CSP); 3) as Diet 1 but with 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8% supplemental fat during 0 to 4, 4 to 8, 8 to 12, 12 to 16, and 16 to 20 wk of age, respectively (CSF); and 4) as Diet 1 but with barely included at 0, 20, 35, 50, and 65% during the respective 4-wk age periods (CSB). The four light and temperature programs were 1) Environment A with intermittent light [4 [2 h light (L):4 h dark (D)]] in combination with cycling temperature at 7 and 21 C during light and dark photoperiod, respectively; Environment B with intermittent light, 21 C; Environment C with continuous light (18L:6D) and cycling temperature of 7 to 21 C; and Environment D with intermittent light, 7 C. Lighting and temperature programs started at 1 and 4 wk of age, respectively. Body weights at 20 wk of age decreased (P less than .05) with increasing temperature (13.86 versus 12.26 kg for Environments D and B, respectively) with cycling temperature intermediate (13.51 kg for Environment A). Intermittent light (P less than .05) improved BW and feed conversion by 3.4 and 2.0%, respectively, compared with continuous light. Rearing males at .21 m2 per bird versus .46 m2 per bird decreased weight (P less than .05) by 5.5%. Twenty-week BW of males fed the CSP (13.52 kg) and CSF (13.58 kg) diets were greater (P less than .05) than those fed CSM (12.90 kg) and CSB (12.69 kg) diets. Significant (P less than .05) interactions between diet, environment, and density were not detected for most performance characteristics. Environmental measurements indicated higher dust and ammonia levels in the warm environment (B). Isolates of aspergillus and incidence of airsacculitis at time of processing were greatest in Environment B.
Air Sacs↗
Effect of diet and population density on male turkeys under various environmental conditions. 2. Body composition and meat yield.
Large White Nicholas male turkeys were reared at two stocking densities (.21 or .46 m2 per bird) and fed one of four diets: 1) control corn and soybean (mash) with 1% fat (CSM); 2) as Diet 1, pelleted (CSP); 3) as Diet 1 with supplemental fat increasing from 1 through 8% with age (CSF); and 4) as Diet 1 with barley at 0, 20, 35, 50, and 65% during successive 4-wk periods (CSB). The turkeys were reared in four environments: (A) intermittent light schedule [4(2 h light (L):4 h dark D))] with temperature at 7 or 21 C during light and dark photoperiod, respectively; (B) and (D) with intermittent light (2L:4D) with a constant 21 and 7 C temperatures, respectively; (C) continuous light cycle (18L:6D) with temperatures as in Environment A. At 20 wk of age, two turkeys per replicate pen, were killed for determination of body composition and meat yield. Compared with turkeys fed CSM diet, those on CSF and CSP diet had increased percentage carcass fat. Meat yield per bird and percentage carcass fat were greater for turkeys reared at .46 m2 per bird compared with rearing at .21 m2 per bird. Pelleting and fat supplementation resulted in significantly increased amounts of breast meat and leg compared with CSM. Breast meat yield (percentage) and amount were greater at 7 C (Environment D) than at 21 C (Environment B) and the cycling regimen (Environment A). Percentage abdominal fat was greatest at 7 C. Interactions of environment and diet were detected for breast meat yield percentage (P less than .023) and weight (P less than .036). Diet type had no effect on percentage breast meat or weight in Environment C. An increased amount of breast meat was obtained by feeding CSP in Environments A, B, and D, and dietary fat supplementation increased breast meat yield in Environments A and D over CSM treatment.
Adipose Tissue↗
Lysine requirements of growing turkeys in various temperature environments.
The lysine requirement of Large White male turkeys (Nicholas strain commercial cross) was determined in two experiments at different environmental temperatures for two age periods (8 to 12 and 16 to 20 wk of age). Response curves (segmented and exponential) were obtained by regressing body weight gain (grams/day) on dietary lysine concentration (percentage) or lysine intake (grams/day). Varying levels of dietary lysine were obtained by supplementing a corn-sesame meal diet with L-lysine.HCl. Temperature affected percentage lysine requirement as determined by the segmented (broken line) regression model during 8 to 12 wk of age in Experiment 1 (P less than .05) and in Experiment 2 (P less than .10). The requirements (mean +/- SE) by broken line regression for the 8 to 12-wk age period were: Experiment 1, 1.13 +/- .02 and 1.25 +/- .02% at 6 and 23 C, respectively, and Experiment 2, 1.10 +/- .03, and 1.23 +/- .04% at 7, 20, and 26 C, respectively. For the 16 to 20 wk age period the requirements for Experiment 1 were .75 +/- .02 and .77 +/- .03% at 8 and 24 C, respectively. For Experiment 2, requirements were .74 +/- .03, .72 +/- .02, and .78 +/- .02% at 7, 16, and 24 C, respectively. Percentage requirements by the exponential model showed the same patterns relative to temperature. Multiple regression analysis of gain on lysine intake and temperature indicated that variability in gain was primarily explained by intake (R2 ranged from .82 to .97) with deficient lysine intakes. Temperature environment also affected the gain response to lysine intake, resulting in different response curves at the different environmental temperatures.
Animals↗
Nutritional evaluation of blood meal and feather meal for turkeys.
Three samples each of commercial blood meal (BL) and feather meal (FEA) were obtained in Minnesota. True amino acid availability (TAAA) and TMEn contents were determined using Large White male turkeys at 8 wk of age. Average TMEn were 3,458 and 2,976 kcal/kg (DM basis) for BL and FEA, respectively. The TAAA of BL ranged from 86 to 91% for each of 15 amino acids except for isoleucine (74%) and cystine (79%). The TAAA of FEA ranged from 59 to 83%. The three feather meals averaged 72, 72, and 76% in amino acid availability. Two ring-dried blood meals averaged 86 and 82% and one spray dried blood meal averaged 91% in amino acid availability. A positive linear relationship was found between TMEII and TAAA of blood and feather meal samples, suggesting the possibility of approximating the estimation of one from the other in certain ingredients of high protein content.
Amino Acids↗
Early protein undernutrition and subsequent realimentation in turkeys. 1. Effect of performance and body composition.
Male and female Large White Nicholas turkeys were fed corn and soybean meal diets for 24 and 20 wk, respectively. Control and low protein (75% of control in protein and 66% of control in lysine and methionine) diets were fed during 0 to 6 wk of age. Thereafter, both groups received the control diet. Body composition of turkeys was determined at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 (males), and at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 20 (females) wk of age. Compared with controls, undernourished turkeys had depressed body weight gain, lower feed intake, poorer feed efficiency, reduced carcass protein, increased carcass fat, and better efficiency of protein retention at 6 wk of age. During realimentation (after 6 wk of age), undernourished turkeys increased average daily feed consumption to that of controls and showed increased weight gains. By 24 and 20 wk of age, weights of undernourished male and female turkeys were no longer different from the weights of their respective controls. Feed efficiency of undernourished turkeys was better than that of controls during realimentation. Differences in body composition of undernourished and control turkeys were no longer evident after realimentation.
Animals↗
Early protein undernutrition and subsequent realimentation in turkeys. 2. Effect on weights and proportions of organs and tissues.
Male and female Large White Nicholas turkeys were fed corn and soybean meal diets for 24 and 20 wk, respectively. The same series was fed with a low protein modification (75% of control in protein and 66% of control in methionine and lysine per Mcal ME) during 0 to 6 wk of age. For the study of organ and tissue growth, six male turkeys per treatment were sampled at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 wk of age. Six females per treatment were also sampled at 2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 20 wk of age. Weights of eviscerated carcass, breast, thigh, drumstick, wing, back, neck, feathers, liver, heart, pancreas, alimentary tract less gizzard, and gizzard were depressed by early protein undernutrition to 6 wk of age. Compared with values for controls, undernutrition increased proportions of the liver, alimentary tract less gizzard, gizzard, and heart at 6 wk of age; proportions of the back, neck, feathers, and pancreas were not affected, but breast and thigh proportions were reduced. Compensatory growth during realimentation eliminated all differences between undernourished and control turkeys in weight and proportions of organs and tissues by 20 wk of age.
Animals↗
Phosphorus availability bioassay using bone ash and bone densitometry as response criteria.
Two experiments were conducted to examine the relative precision of bone densitometry and bone ash methodologies as response criteria in measurement of bioavailability of phosphorus from various supplements for turkeys. Multivariate analyses of variance were used to analyze data collected. Coefficients of correlation and variation and F ratios were used for evaluation. Bone densitometry with one scan at each of 3 points on the bone was faster than bone ash and as precise as bone ash analysis in measuring phosphorus availability in turkeys. The coefficient of correlation between percentage ash (of dry bone) and scan density (milligrams per centimeter length of bone) measurements for treatment effects was .986. The coefficient of variation was about the same for the bone ash (5.8) and the three-point bone scan (6.9) methods. As indicated by the F ratio for testing treatment effects, bone densitometry was better able to detect differences among phosphorus sources. A technician may scan 50 cleaned bones in 3 hr, but with the bone ash method, drying, ashing, and weighing may require 3 working days. Bone sampling technique, multiple operators, different bone sizes, and decay of iodine source were the major factors affecting precision of the bone densitometry technique. Relative biological availabilities of phosphorus from various supplements were about the same by the two methods.
Animals↗
Protein, methionine, and lysine requirements of growing hen turkeys under various environmental temperatures.
Two experiments were conducted to study the protein and amino acid requirements of growing Large White female turkeys at temperatures of 7, 14, 21, and 28 C. In Experiment 1, five dietary treatment series (A, B, C, D and E) which ranged in protein content from 24.3 to 16.9, 20.4 to 14.2 and 17.8 to 11.9%, were fed during 8 to 11, 11 to 14, and 14 to 17 wk of age, respectively. The D diet series was also supplemented with methionine or lysine or both to equal the levels in the B series forming the D, DM, DL, and DML treatments. In Experiment 2, B and C protein levels were fed between 11 and 14 wk of age. Between 14 and 17 wk of age, the B, C, D, and E protein levels were fed to each group forming a 2 X 4 factorial arrangement. In Experiment 1, during 8 to 11 wk of age, body weight gain decreased when birds were fed diets containing less than 22.5% protein. From 11 to 14 wk of age, at 7 and 14 C, the C diet supported maximum gains but at 21 and 28 C, the B and A diets, respectively, resulted in heavier turkeys. With the D diet, methionine supplementation significantly (P less than .05) improved body weight of birds during 8 to 11 and 11 to 14 wk of age: lysine supplementation had no effect during 8 to 11 wk and inconsistent effects on gain during 11 to 14 and 14 to 17 wk of age. Results from 14 to 17 wk of age show that the protein requirement of female turkeys during this age was overestimated by the National Research Council in 1984.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗