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Biomedical subjects

S L Olson

Publications and source records attributed to S L Olson.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Structural organization of the human neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS1).

Neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase, localized to human chromosome 12, uniquely participates in diverse biologic processes; neurotransmission, the regulation of body fluid homeostasis, neuroendocrine physiology, control of smooth muscle motility, sexual function, and myocyte/myoblast biology, among others. Restriction enzyme mapping, subcloning, and DNA sequence analysis of bacteriophage- and yeast artificial chromosome-derived human genomic DNA indicated that the mRNA for neuronal NO synthase is dispersed over a minimum of 160 kilobases of human genomic DNA. Analysis of intron-exon splice junctions predicted that the open reading frame is encoded by 28 exons, with translation initiation and termination in exon 2 and exon 29, respectively. Determination of transcription initiation sites in brain poly(A) RNA with primer extension analysis and RNase protection revealed a major start site 28 nucleotides downstream from a TATA box. Sequence inspection of 5'-flanking regions revealed potential cis-acting DNA elements: AP-2, TEF-1/MCBF, CREB/ATF/c-Fos, NRF-1, Ets, NF-1, and NF-kappa B-like sequences. Diversity appears to represent a major theme apparent upon analysis of human neuronal NO synthase mRNA transcripts. A microsatellite of the dinucleotide variety was detected within the 3'-untranslated region of exon 29. Multiple alleles were evident in normal individuals indicating the existence of allelic mRNA sequence variation. Characterization of variant human neuronal NO synthase cDNAs indicated the existence of casette exon 9/10 and exon 10 deletions as examples of structural mRNA diversity due to alternative splicing. The latter deletion of a 175-nucleotide exon introduces a frame-shift and premature stop codon indicating the potential existence of a novel NH2 terminus protein. In summary, analysis of the human neuronal NO synthase locus reveals a complex genomic organization and mRNA diversity that is both allelic and structural.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1994

Socioenvironmental and individual correlates of psychological adjustment in low-income single mothers.

Relationships among psychological adjustment, levels of perceived and actual social support, and perceptions of childhood familial adversity were examined among 52 low-income single mothers of preschoolers. Women showing high levels of psychological adjustment tended to perceive their supports more positively, but often reported lower levels of support than their more distressed counterparts. However, perceptions of childhood familial adversity were found to be the most powerful predictors of psychological adjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Development of conduct problems and peer rejection in preschool children: a social systems analysis.

The development of impulsive-aggressive problem behavior and peer rejection was examined in sixty 4- to 5-year-old boys from low-income family backgrounds. Children's sociometric status and behavioral adjustment were assessed longitudinally at the beginning and end of the preschool year, and related to measures of peer interaction at three different points in time. Boys identified as socially rejected and aggressive in the beginning of the year were highly likely to be identified as such at the end of the year. Early in the preschool year, these children contributed to their own rejection by initiating socially aversive exchanges with peers. Although peers clearly perceived these problems, they did not reciprocate with counteraggression at first. However, as time passed, peers began to actively victimize these children, and most of the aggression on the part of victims became reactive in nature. Thus, the current findings strongly support a transactional model of the development of early peer rejection and conduct problems.

Aggression↗
PubMed1991

Assessment of peer rejection and externalizing behavior problems in preschool boys: a short-term longitudinal study.

We examined the longitudinal stability of measures of negative peer status and aggressive-disruptive behavior in preschool boys. Subjects were 53 white 4- to 5-year-old boys from low-income family backgrounds. Peer sociometric measures of rejection and behavioral deviance were assessed in the fall and spring of the preschool year. Complementary measures were also obtained from teachers at both assessment points. Half of the boys designated as rejected on the basis of peer nominations maintained this status at the end of the preschool year. Teachers and peers did not agree on their selections of socially rejected children, but had good agreement concerning the identification of children with externalizing-type behavior problems. Finally, teacher and peer classifications of aggressive-disruptive children were highly stable throughout the preschool year. These findings indicate that peer-rejected children can be identified at very young ages, and that preschoolers can be reliable informants about the social maladjustment of peers.

Child Behavior Disorders↗
PubMed1990

Early antecedents of childhood impulsivity: the role of parent-child interaction, cognitive competence, and temperament.

This prospective longitudinal investigation examined early mother-child interaction as a predictor of children's later self-control capabilities. Multimethod assessments of mother-child relationships, primarily focused on observed relationship qualities in the home, were conducted during the first 2 years and related to children's later impulse control capabilities. Child cognitive competence and temperament assessed during the 2nd year were also related to later impulsivity. Follow-up assessments of children's impulsivity were conducted at age 6 (N = 79), using a variety of laboratory measures. Findings indicated that responsive, cognitively stimulating parent-toddler interactions in the 2nd year modestly predicted later measures of cognitive nonimpulsivity and ability to delay gratification. Security of mother-infant attachment predicted the same outcomes, but only for boys and not for girls. Child cognitive competence in the 2nd year also consistently predicted children's later impulse control capabilities, although this was not true for measures of child temperament. Overall, the findings support a multidimensional and developmental conceptualization of the early antecedents of childhood impulsivity.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Ancillary service consumption by Military Health Service System special programs: implications for diagnosis related group resource allocation.

An analysis was conducted of consumption of ancillary services by medical treatment facility special programs within the Military Health Service System (MHSS). This workload would not receive explicit credit under the new weighted ambulatory visit/inpatient disposition workload credit system mandated by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987. Results indicated that ancillary workload consumption by facility special programs was substantial. When the weighted visit/disposition workload credit system is implemented throughout MHSS, appropriate adjustments must be made to reflect ancillary workload generated by MHSS facilities in support of direct patient care missions but lost under this type of credit system.

Ancillary Services, Hospital↗
PubMed1988

Breast calcifications: analysis of imaging properties.

The imaging characteristics of microcalcifications in both benign and malignant breast conditions were analyzed in 48 digitized film mammograms. Each case included in this analysis had findings considered suggestive of malignancy by the radiologist, with the underlying histologic structure determined by excisional biopsy. Imaging properties of each microcalcification--such as pixel intensity, relative location, distribution, size, and local neighborhood intensities--were recorded. This information was statistically analyzed at the population level according to such selection criteria as histologic type, size of calcification, and cluster size. Distribution ranges were determined for these criteria. Statistical differences between data from benign and malignant cases show the average distance between calcifications in malignant conditions was greater than in benign conditions, and tissue region averages surrounding calcifications associated with malignant conditions were consistently higher than those for benign conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Algorithm for the detection of fine clustered calcifications on film mammograms.

An algorithmic process for the detection and marking of clustered calcifications in digitized film-screen mammograms has been applied to mammograms from 50 clinical cases sampled at two digitization levels, in both the craniocaudal and mediolateral views. In all but one case the detector accurately located suggestive clusters found by radiologists in normal screening. In five cases additional clusters were also found by the detector. The detector has a negligible false-positive rate for the detection of clustered calcifications, although it is sensitive to clusters of emulsion defects displayed as artifactual calcification densities in the original film. The detector is flexible in structure and is easily adapted to various calcification/cluster criteria. The detector shows considerable promise when applied to clinical examples but will require refinement before formal testing.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1987

Radiocarbon dates on bones of extinct birds from Hawaii.

Bones from a stratified sedimentary deposit in the Puu Naio Cave site on Maui, Hawaiian Islands, reveal the late Holocene extinction of 19 species of birds. The age of the sediment and associated fauna was determined by direct radiocarbon dating (tandem particle accelerator-mass spectrometer; TAMS) of amino acids extracted from bones weighing as little as 450 mg. The 14C dates indicate that sediment has been accumulating in the lava tube for at least the last 7750 years, a suitable time frame for testing the hypothesis that Holocene extinction on islands began after human colonization. Despite growing evidence that a worldwide wave of extinctions coincided with human colonization of oceanic islands, little radiometric data have been available to date the extinction of most small fossil vertebrates on islands. The TAMS technique of dating purified collagen from the bones of small vertebrates could lead to vastly improved chronologies of extinction for oceanic islands where catastrophic mid- to late-Holocene extinction is expected or known to have occurred. Chronologies derived from nonarcheological sites that show continuous sedimentation, such as the Puu Naio Cave deposit, may also yield key evidence on the timing of earliest human settlement of Oceania.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Bird remains from an archaeological site on Henderson Island, South Pacific: Man-caused extinctions on an "uninhabited" island.

Long thought never to have been inhabited and to be in a pristine ecological state, Henderson Island (southeast Pacific) is now known to have been colonized and then abandoned by Polynesians. Bones from an archaeological site on the island associated with (14)C dates of approximately 800 and approximately 500 years B.P. include specimens of 12 species of birds, of which 3, a storm-petrel and two pigeons (Nesofregetta fuliginosa, Ducula cf. aurorae or D. pacifica, and Ducula cf. galeata), no longer occur on Henderson, and two others (Puffinus nativitatis and Sula sula) still visit but are not known to breed. The vanished species were presumably exterminated by Polynesians and the biota of Henderson Island can thus no longer be regarded as being in an unaltered state. The prehistoric abandonment of various small, unarable islands by Polynesians may have been due to the depletion of seabirds and pigeons, the only readily available food source. The species of pigeons identified from Henderson are known historically only from distant archipelagos and have never before been found sympatrically. Distributional patterns resulting from man-caused extinctions may give rise to erroneous interpretations of the relationships and evolutionary history of insular organisms. Certain endangered species, such as Ducula galeata, might effectively be preserved by reintroduction to abandoned islands that they occupied before human intervention.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Fossil vertebrates from Antigua, Lesser Antilles: Evidence for late Holocene human-caused extinctions in the West Indies.

Vertebrate remains recovered from a limestone fissure filling on Antigua, Lesser Antilles, are associated with radiocarbon dates ranging from 4300 to 2500 yr B.P., contemporaneous with the earliest aboriginal human occupation of the island. Nine taxa of lizards, snakes, birds, bats, and rodents (one-third of the total number of species represented as fossils) are either completely extinct or have never been recorded historically from Antigua. These extinctions came long after any major climatic changes of the Pleistocene and are best attributed to human-caused environmental degradation in the past 3500 yr. Such unnatural influences have probably altered patterns of distribution and species diversity throughout the West Indies, thus rendering unreliable the data traditionally used in ecological and biogeographic studies that consider only the historically known fauna.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

Dimensions of individuality in the mother-infant relationship at six months of age.

Prior studies on mothers and infants have explored a great many individual variations. To date, however, the empirically based meaningfulness of these variations is quite limited. The current study attempts to achieve a relatively comprehensive empirical description of the mother-infant relationship at the age of 6 months, with special focus on possible correlates of infant developmental competence. 168 mother-infant pairs contributed data on a wide variety of measures, including the following categories: (a) observed interactions, at home and in the laboratory; (b) mother perception of the infant's temperament, mother personality, social support, and family adjustment to the new baby; (c) infant performance on the Bayley test; and (d) background variables such as birth order and economic status. Relationships among the various measures were modeled with factor analytic methods and interpreted in connection with current research issues. The most important findings are the following: (1) The main factor is widely generalizable dimension in maternal behavior of warm, responsive interaction with the infant. (2) Some elements of this main factor overlap with another factor indexing the extent to which mother impresses observer as educationally stimulating. Social class was associated with this teaching factor, but not with the first, more affection- and play-oriented, dimension. (3) Mother perceptions of difficult temperament in the infant were associated with objectively observed crying and fussing but were essentially independent of the major dimensions of maternal behavior. (4) Observed active and happy behaviors of the infant were somewhat related to normative status on the Bayley test, but neither active and happy behavior nor Bayley score correlated with the important dimensions of maternal behavior.

Child Development↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of use of a wrist orthosis during functional activities on surface electromyography of the wrist extensors in normal subjects.

Wrist orthoses are advocated for patients with lateral epicondylitis on the assumption that use of the orthosis decreases muscle activity of the wrist extensors during activities. The purpose of this study was to compare the amount of electrical activity, root mean square (RMS) calculated from surface EMG recorded over the wrist extensors, during activities when applying four conditions of wrist orthoses: dorsal; volar; semicircular; and no orthosis. Thirteen normal subjects (mean age 27.7 years) performed three lifting and two gripping tasks, repeated on three consecutive days under four orthotic conditions. Measured were RMS and maximum voluntary grip strength. Repeated measures ANOVA's indicated a significant decrease of RMS using the semicircular design during lifting (p < .0005). Grip strength decreased significantly using all three orthotic designs, but RMS recorded during gripping did not. It was concluded that application of a wrist orthosis reduces electrical activity of the wrist extensors less than anticipated and only during lifting.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bedside musical care: applications in pregnancy, childbirth, and neonatal care.

Although music therapy in health care settings is not new, bringing live music to the bedside is a new way of extending the caring tradition of nursing practice. Bedside musical care is consistent with a philosophy of holistic nursing practice and can be used during pregnancy, childbirth, and in neonatal care. It is defined as live music at the bedside, which is part of a treatment plan to foster integrity, well-being, and health for varied populations across the life span.

Female↗