The National Cholesterol Education Program pediatric guidelines: behavioral considerations.
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Child↗
Biomedical subjects
S L Rosenthal
Publications and source records attributed to S L Rosenthal.
Psychological sequelae of sexually transmitted diseases in adolescents.
Sexually active adolescents are the highest risk group for many of the sexually transmitted diseases. Although clinical presentations, diagnostic methods, and medical sequelae are understood increasingly, psychological sequelae are often neither recognized nor understood. Insight into these issues may prevent repeat episodes of sexually transmitted diseases and limit their spread. This article summarizes the literature regarding psychological issues and sequelae and emphasizes the need for further study.
Adolescent↗
Medical needs of performing arts students.
A questionnaire was administered to 71 college students enrolled in dance, drama, and musical theater programs to assess health care problems, injuries, risk-taking behaviors, and sources of care. Many desired help with depression, fatigue, and chronic bone or joint pain, although 37% identified no regular physician. Thirty-nine students reported 87 injuries involving the back, foot, ankle, and knee; 12% sustained injuries at least monthly; and 72% of injuries occurred in class. The incidence of eating disorders appears to be low, as assessed by indirect measures such as body weight, oligomenorrhea, diet pill or laxative use, and scores on a body image index. The 30-day prevalence of tobacco use was 26%; marijuana, 11%; and alcohol, 71%. This survey suggests that performing arts students have important unmet health care needs.
Adolescent↗
Self-reported health concerns and sexual behaviors in adolescents with cervical dysplasia. A pilot study.
A group of 46 women attending an adolescent dysplasia clinic were surveyed regarding the reported impact of cervical dysplasia on sexual beliefs and behaviors. The adolescents reported being concerned about their future health and having changed their sexual practices. There were no clear relationships between demographic variables or sexual attitudes and changes. The adolescents' self-reports of their behavior were not consistent; those adolescents who reported safer sex practices did not have lower rates of sexually transmitted diseases postbiopsy. The results of this study indicate the important but complex impact of sexually transmitted disease on adolescents and suggests that this impact on adolescents may be different from that on adults.
Adolescent↗
Comprehension of defense mechanisms in emotionally disturbed adolescents.
The comprehension of defence mechanisms may constitute a productive assessment domain in working with emotionally disturbed adolescents. The development of comprehension of defence mechanisms was compared in two age groups of 39 emotionally disturbed and 39 nondisturbed adolescents. Results indicated that the level of comprehension varied as a function of clinical group and age level for understanding specific types of defense mechanisms. A principal component analysis revealed three types of mechanisms: self-oriented, other-oriented, and situation-oriented defenses. Differences in comprehension of self-oriented defenses were evident in a group by age interaction, whereas other-oriented defenses were associated with age differences only. Implications of the findings for clinical and educational interventions with emotionally disturbed youngsters are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Stress and coping in a NICU.
The stress and coping of NICU nurses were examined in this study. Questionnaires were designed to measure the coping strategies used by the nurses (N = 30); the perceived helpfulness of the coping strategies; the frequency, controllability, and stressfulness of eight common NICU situations; and overall stress and satisfaction. The results suggested that nurses used a variety of problem-oriented and emotion-oriented coping strategies, which they found helpful. Common coping strategies were identified regardless of the NICU situation. Overall satisfaction was inversely related to experience and education, but unrelated to stress. The implications of these findings for managing stress and reducing burnout were discussed.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Childhood comorbidity of anxiety/affective disorders and behavior disorders.
Considerable data have been reported concerning comorbidity of various individual psychiatric disorders in children within the diagnostic supradomains of affect/anxiety disorders and behavior disorders as well as between these supradomains. To further examine such comorbidity, 35 psychiatrically hospitalized children were studied in terms of the prevalence of comorbidity, demographic and cognitive characteristics, adaptive functioning and maladaptive behaviors. The prevalence of comorbid behavior + affect/anxiety disorders exceeded 50% of the samples. Children with such comorbidity were similar to children with Behavior only diagnoses in terms of demographic and cognitive characteristics but differed in terms of adaptive functioning and maladaptive behaviors.
Anxiety Disorders↗
Thyroid follicular cell carcinogenesis.
Ample information in experimental animals indicates a relationship between inhibition of thyroid-pituitary homeostasis and the developmental thyroid follicular cell neoplasms. This is generally the case when there are long-term reductions in circulating thyroid hormones which have triggered increases in circulating thyroid stimulating hormone. Such hormonal derangements leading to neoplasms have been produced by different regimens, including dietary iodide deficiency, subtotal thyroidectomy, and administration of natural and xenobiotic chemical substances. The carcinogenic process proceeds through a number of stages, including follicular cell hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and benign and sometimes malignant neoplasms. Given the interrelationship between the thyroid and pituitary glands, conditions that result in stimulation of the thyroid can also result in stimulation of the pituitary, with the development of hyperplastic and neoplastic changes. The progression of events leading to thyroid (and pituitary) neoplasms can be reversed under certain circumstances be reestablishing thyroid-pituitary homeostasis. Most chemicals that have induced follicular cell tumors seem to operate through inhibition of the synthesis of thyroid hormone or an increase in their degradation and removal. For some of these compounds, it appears that genotoxic reactions may not be playing a dominant role in the carcinogenic process. A seemingly small group of thyroid carcinogens seems to lack influence on thyroid-pituitary status and may in part be operating via their genotoxic potential. In contrast with the well-established relationship between thyroid-pituitary derangement and follicular cell neoplasms in animals, the state of information in humans is much less certain. At this time, ionizing radiation is the only acknowledged human thyroid carcinogen, a finding well established in experimental systems as well. Although humans respond to goitrogenic stimuli as do animals, with the development of cellular hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and under certain circumstances nodular lesions, disagreement exists as to whether malignant transformation occurs in any predictable manner. It would seem that if humans develop thyroid tumors following long-term derangement in thyroid-pituitary status, they may be less sensitive than the commonly used animal models.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Emotional disturbance and the development of self-consciousness in adolescence.
The development of self-consciousness and its relationship to emotional disturbance was examined in early and late adolescence. The Imaginary Audience Scale was administered to emotionally disturbed and nondisturbed adolescents. As predicted, results indicated that self-consciousness decreased with age in nondisturbed adolescents. For the emotionally disturbed adolescents, the development of self-consciousness in temporary situations did not follow consistent patterns, as indicated by interaction effects. A significant negative relationship was found between intelligence test scores and self-consciousness in the disturbed group. The findings support the premise that social-cognitive shifts found in early to late adolescence are disrupted in disturbed populations. The mediating role of social experience as a factor in cognitive and emotional development is discussed.
Achievement↗
Foresight--secret of survival.
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Accident Prevention↗
A review of the mutagenicity of chloroform.
Although chloroform (CHCl3) is metabolized in vivo and in vitro to a substance that covalently interacts with protein and lipid, its potential for binding to DNA is low. In addition, most of the assays for genotoxicity are negative. However, many of the genotoxicity results are inconclusive because of inadequacies in the experimental protocols. The types of genotoxicity tests this report is based on include bacterial, yeast, host-mediated, Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal, mammalian cell mutagenicity, sperm head abnormality, cytogenetic, and DNA damage. On the basis of presently available information, no definitive conclusion on the mutagenic potential of CHCl3 can be reached.
Animals↗
The Reproductive Effects Assessment Group's report on the mutagenicity of 1,3-butadiene and its reactive metabolites.
A major data gap for assessing heritable risk from exposure to 1,3-butadiene is the lack of mammalian mutagenicity data. The data base on the mutagenic potential of 1,3-butadiene is limited to three bacterial studies from the same laboratory. Two of these studies were positive only in the presence of liver S9 mix from chemically pretreated animals. In vitro data suggest that 1,3-butadiene is metabolized to two epoxide intermediates. 3,4-Epoxybutene, one potential reactive metabolite of 1,3-butadiene, is a monofunctional alkylating agent and is a direct-acting mutagen in bacteria. In addition, unpublished data suggest that 3,4-epoxy-butene induces DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations in mice. Another potential reactive metabolite, 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane, is a bifunctional alkylating agent and is mutagenic in a wide variety of organisms (bacteria, fungi, and the germ cells of Drosophila). This metabolite also induces DNA damage in mice and in cultured hamster cells, is clastogenic in fungi and cultured rat cells, and produces chromosome damage/breakage in Drosophila germ cells. These data, when combined with evidence that 1,3-butadiene is carcinogenic in rodent gonadal tissues and is associated with gonadal atrophy in mice, constitute suggestive evidence that 1,3-butadiene may be a human germ cell mutagen. However, because the mutagenicity of 1,3-butadiene has been studied only in bacteria, studies in mammalian test systems are needed to further characterize the mutagenic potential of 1,3-butadiene.
Alkylating Agents↗
Sensitivity of gentamicin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae to cefamandole and cefoxitin.
A collection of gentamicin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains was significantly more resistant to cefamandole than a species-matched collection of gentamicin-sensitive organisms. Cefamandole and gentamicin resistance could be simultaneously transferred by conjugation from four different species, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens, to a recipient E. coli strain. Plasmids specifying linked resistance to cefamandole and gentamicin are thus commonly present in the environment of our medical center despite the fact that cefamandole has never been used here. Gentamicin-resistant organisms were not more resistant to cefoxitin than gentamicin-sensitive isolates. Conjugal transfer of cefoxitin resistance could not be demonstrated. Relative resistance to cefoxitin was nevertheless common among Enterobacter and Serratia isolates.
Cefamandole↗
Susceptibility of streptococci to newer tetracyclines and cephalosporins and to other antimicrobial agents.
Two hundred and thirty-nine strains of Streptococcus including 71 strains of Group A, 81 strains of Group B, 69 strains of enterococci, and 18 strains of S. pneumoniae were tested against 12 antimicrobial agents using an agar dilution method. Cefamandole was the most active cephalosporin tested. Doxycycline and minocycline were more active than tetracycline, although the tetracyclines were considerably less inhibitory than the cephalosporins. Regression line analysis of zones of inhibition versus minimal inhibitory concentration values for tetracycline and minocycline showed the tetracycline disc to be unacceptable for predicting the susceptibility of the Group A Streptococcus to minocycline. Minimal inhibitory concentrations for clindamycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, and spectinomycin are also given.
Cefamandole↗
Membrane alterations associated with "transformation" by BUdR in BUdR-dependent cells. Fluorescence Polarization studies with a lipid probe.
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Bromodeoxyuridine↗
Dissociation of plasminogen activator from the transformed phenotype in a 5-bromodeoxyuridine dependent mutant of Syrian hamster melanoma cells.
The relationship between plasminogen activator levels and the expression of the transformed phenotype was studied in a 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) dependent mutant of Syrian hamster melanoma cells. In terms of cell morphology and cellular interactions, the BrdUrd dependent cells resemble transformed cells when grown in the presence of BrdUrd but resemble untransformed cells when grown in the absence of BrdUrd. It was found that the BrdUrd dependent cells release significant levels of plasminogen activator only when cultured in the absence of BrdUrd. In the presence of BrdUrd, the release of plasminogen activator by the dependent cells is suppressed, and the decreased level of plasminogen activator released in the presence of BrdUrd seems to be due to the decreased production of active enzyme. Growth tests revealed that the BrdUrd dependent cells, when attached to a substrate, required BrdUrd in order to attain high densities. Furthermore, the cells are able to grow well in soft agar only in the presence of BrdUrd. These results suggest that the production and release of high levels of plasminogen activator are not related (either as cause or effect) to the expression of the transformed phenotype in the BrdUrd dependent cells. The effect of dog serum (as a plasminogen source) on the BrdUrd dependent cells also was tested. It was found that cells cultured in medium containing dog serum exhibit a morphological alteration, but only in the absence of brdUrd. The morphological response of the cells to dog serum resembles that previously observed with virus-transformed cells. In the BrdUrd dependent cells, the morphological response to dog serum appears correlated with the release of plasminogen activator but separated from other transformed characteristics.
Blood↗
Laboratory evaluation of a multitest system for identification of gram-negative organisms.
Seventy-two oxidase-positive or nonfermentative organisms, or both, all of which could be identified with reasonable certainty by alternative means, were used to challenge the OXI/FERM tube. There was 91% concurrence of identification between the two methods. Three observers, working independently, agreed upon the interpretation of each of the tests in the OXI/FERM system from 91% to 100% of the time. Duplicate OXI/FERM tubes inoculated with the same strain yielded identical interpretations 95% of the time for all tests except citrate utilization (89%). The OXI/FERM tube thus appeared to be an accurate identification method and yielded test results that were easily interpreted and adequately reproducible.
Bacteria↗
In vitro antibiotic sensitivity of Moraxella species.
Minimal inhibitory concentrations of 17 antibacterial agents for 34 Moraxella strains were determined using a plate dilution method. A strain of Moraxella nonliquefaciens was found which produced beta-lactamase and was resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin but not to cephalothin. Several strains were relatively resistant to erythromycin and sulfisoxazole. Disk sensitivity tests could be used to reliably predict penicillin and erythromycin resistance but not sulfisoxazole resistance.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗