S Leibold | PubMed Health

PubMed2000

Decision-making for a successful bowel continence program.

Bowel continence is one of the most difficult challenges for patients with spina bifida. Incontinence acts as a social stigma for children and a barrier for adults seeking employment. We present an algorithm for stepwise decision-making in construction of personalized continence programs for greater likelihood of success. The protocol contains 13 assessment points including; stool consistency, frequency and amount; mobility; level of paraplegia: diet; medication; anal/rectal canal tone; prior programs attempted; family routines; age; accessibility; and learning issues. Based on outcomes of these assessments, an individualized bowel program is constructed. The algorithm helps the practitioner and patient decide on components and indicators of a successful continence program. The recommended program might include timed toileting, suppository, continence enema, and ACE procedure, or a combination. Evaluation and patient education address adequate fluid/fiber, appropriate toileting equipment, and use of stool softeners/laxatives. Descriptions are available. Key elements in monitoring a continuing plan for continence include: the degree of constipation and its etiology; changing age; family availability for assistance until interdependence is optimal; wheelchair accessibility of the toilet; and ability to transfer to and from the toilet. Use of the algorithm allows for careful decision-making based on information from the patient and family. This has led to greater success in bowel continence in children with spina bifida.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Neural crest cell interaction with type VI collagen is mediated by multiple cooperative binding sites within triple-helix and globular domains.

Collagen type VI (Col VI) is a primary constituent of the extracellular matrix encountered by migrating avian neural crest cells in situ and is effective in promoting attachment and motility of these cells in vitro. In this study, we have explored the molecular mechanisms of neural crest-Col VI interaction by using quantitative assays for cell attachment and migration in vitro, proteolytic fragments of the collagen, and a panel of domain-specific monoclonal antibodies. Removal of the predominant portion of the amino-terminal globular domains of Col VI tetramers by pepsin digestion (P6 fragment) resulted in a > fivefold decrease in their cell adhesion and motility-promoting activity. Further digestion of P6 with bacterial collagenase, which causes a complete loss of the amino-terminal domains plus an adjacent triple-helical segment, did not affect adhesion but reduced migration down to 40% of that seen on undigested P6. Untreated and pepsin-digested Col VI monomers were significantly less effective than their tetrameric counterparts and a M(r) 200,000 fragment, generated from pepsin-digested monomers by a second pepsin treatment, only retained 40% of the motility-promoting activity while preserving the adhesive capacity. A mixture of amino- and carboxyl-terminal globular domains supported both cell attachment and migration. While neural crest cells adhered equally well to the individual intact alpha 1 (VI)/alpha 2(VI) and alpha 3(VI) chains, they migrated most extensively on the alpha 3(VI) chain. Conversely, pepsin-digested individual alpha chains were significantly less effective in promoting cell adhesion and locomotion. Selective preincubation of Col VI microfilaments and isolated tetramers with a panel of monoclonal antibodies against triple helix, carboxyl-terminal, and amino-terminal epitopes of the different constituent chains differentially perturbed neural crest cell attachment and migration. Sites differentially involved in neural crest cell attachment and migration seemed to be present at the carboxyl termini of the alpha 1(VI) and alpha 2(VI) chains and at the amino-terminus of the alpha 3(VI) chain. The results suggest that neural crest cells interact with Col VI through multiple and cooperative binding sites present within its triple-helical and globular domains. The differential involvement and efficiency of these sites in stimulating neural crest cell adhesion and migration is strongly determined by the supramolecular organization of the collagen and requires inter- and intramolecular structural integrity. Since neural crest cell attachment and migration on Col VI was completely inhibited by anti-beta 1 integrin antibodies, there is evidence that this class of integrins is essential for the neural crest cell--Col VI interaction.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

A systematic approach to bowel continence for children with spina bifida.

One of the most difficult problems facing professionals working with children having a neurogenic bowel is incontinence, for it is one of the greatest obstacles to socialization and independence. This program which developed continence protocols based upon age and stool consistency, trained nurses in spina bifida clinics in the USA. Many nurses using the protocols among spina bifida children are enabling them to achieve bowel continence.

Child, Preschool↗