A decade of clinical three-dimensional imaging: a review. Part I. Historical development.
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Algorithms↗
Biomedical subjects
S Lobregt
Publications and source records attributed to S Lobregt.
Applications of three-dimensional display techniques in medical imaging.
This paper outlines some of the current uses of three-dimensional techniques in medical imaging applications and their potential for the future. As an example, three-dimensional imaging is described using a CT scanner, as it applies to a case involving craniofacial surgery. This includes defining the relationship between the requirements on the data acquisition system, as well as the specification of the hardware and software for the display. A currently used algorithm is described for the display of surfaces as a function of local position, orientation of the surface and the position of a virtual light source. This includes the use of transparency and cut plane greyscale techniques, in addition to the display of the surfaces. A speculation is made regarding the use of a three-dimensional display as the standard viewing mode in CT, with slice and multiplanar imaging as submodes.
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N.m.r. relaxation and images of human breast tumours in vitro.
It is found that fat and non-fatty tissue in dissected samples of the mamma differ in their T1/T2 ratios. This opens the possibility of locating tumours by n.m.r. imaging, because they have a lower fat content than their surroundings. By means of a sensitive point method, samples were scanned with a resolution of about 0.4 mm X 0.4 mm. The similarity between the shape of a tumour in an n.m.r. and in an X-ray image of a thin section of mamma tissue is quite convincing.
Adipose Tissue↗
Three-dimensional imaging in craniofacial surgery.
Over the past decade, three-dimensional (3-D) imaging has been developed to such a stage of perfection and to such a level of interactive selective imaging of specific anatomic and pathologic structures that craniofacial surgeons can now use this technique effectively in the planning of complicated reconstructive surgery. In addition, modeling techniques have been devised that can be used in surgical simulation and in the manufacture of implants and prosthetic devices. The technical aspects of 3-D imaging are discussed in relation to their applications in craniofacial surgery, and reference is made to the literature describing these techniques in full detail. The results are illustrated with cases that the authors have processed by means of: (a) a clinical research program that was developed on a general purpose computer which provided full flexibility in changing and improving the reconstruction algorithms (Lobregt algorithms and DEC VAX 750 computer), (b) a system under development (Pixar PICS 2000), and (c) a commercial system (Cemax 1500X). Finally, a number of emerging techniques are discussed such as surgical stimulation (electronic sculpting), and trends such as multimodality imaging.
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