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S M Innis

Publications and source records attributed to S M Innis.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Cholesterol synthesis and accretion within various tissues of the fetal and neonatal rat.

The rate of cholesterol synthesis is reported to be higher in fetal relative to adult rats. Along with the observation that maternal diets high in fat and cholesterol are unable to alter the rate of cholesterol synthesis in the fetus, this has been taken as indirect evidence that the fetal rat meets its cholesterol needs through de novo synthesis. This study quantified the rates of cholesterol synthesis and accumulation in the liver, brain, intestine, and carcass of the fetal and neonatal rat and the placenta to determine whether these developing tissues are able to support their own cholesterol needs without the uptake of plasma lipoprotein cholesterol. The rate of cholesterol synthesis was determined in vivo using [3H]water. The rate of cholesterol accumulation was determined by calculating the difference in tissue cholesterol content between 2 subsequent days of development. Total fetal body cholesterol synthesis was sufficient to support the rate of cholesterol accumulation. Fetal and neonatal liver synthesized cholesterol at a rate in excess of cholesterol accumulation, suggesting hepatic secretion of cholesterol into the plasma. Before the onset of suckling, the rates of de novo cholesterol synthesis in the intestine, brain, and carcass were also sufficient but not higher than the need for cholesterol accretion. After the establishment of suckling, the rate of cholesterol accumulation in the intestine and carcass was in excess of synthesis, suggesting that neonatal tissues derive some of their cholesterol from dietary milk or liver. These studies suggest that the perinatal rat does not require exogenous cholesterol to support tissue cholesterol accretion. However, the fetal liver may support cholesterol accretion in other tissues through rates of synthesis in excess of accumulation and secretion into plasma. The placenta may derive some cholesterol from the maternal and/or fetal plasma.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Are human milk long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids related to visual and neural development in breast-fed term infants?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is related to visual and neural development in term breast-fed infants. DESIGN: A prospective study of 83 infants who were exclusively breast-fed for at least 3 months. We determined red blood cell and plasma fatty acids at 2 months, visual acuity at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months, speech perception and an object search task at 9 months, Bayley's mental development index and psychomotor development index at 6 and 12 months, and novelty pReference at 6 and 9 months. RESULTS: The infant red blood cell phosphatidylethanolamine DHA was significantly related to visual acuity at 2 months of age (r = 0.32, P =.01) and 12 months of age (r = 0.30, P =.03). The ability to discriminate nonnative retroflex and phonetic contrasts at 9 months of age was related to the plasma phospholipid DHA (r = 0.48, P <.02) and red blood cell phosphatidylethanolamine DHA (r = 0.26, P =.02) at 2 months of age after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSION: DHA may influence the development of visual acuity and neural pathways associated with the developmental progression of language acquisition in term breast-fed infants. The extent to which our results can be attributed solely to DHA from maternal sources through breast milk or in gestation or other confounding factors remains to be determined.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2001

Infant plasma trans, n-6, and n-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids are related to maternal plasma fatty acids, length of gestation, and birth weight and length.

BACKGROUND: Arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are important for growth and neural development. trans Fatty acids (TFAs) may inhibit desaturation of linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to AA and DHA, respectively. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) also alter lipid metabolism and body fat. OBJECTIVE: We determined the associations of birth outcome with maternal and infant plasma concentrations of TFAs, CLAs, AA, and DHA. DESIGN: In healthy women, we sampled maternal blood at 35 wk gestation (n = 58) and umbilical cord blood at birth (n = 70). RESULTS: Mean (+/- SEM) TFA concentrations (% by wt) in infant plasma were as follows: triacylglycerol, 2.83 +/- 0.19 (range: 0.63-12.79); phospholipid, 0.67 +/- 0.03 (0.11-1.33); and cholesteryl ester, 2.04 +/- 0.01 (0.86-4.24). LA, AA, DHA, TFA, and CLA concentrations in infant phospholipids correlated with the same fatty acid in maternal plasma phospholipids (n = 44; P < 0.05). Infant plasma cholesteryl ester and triacylglycerol TFAs and cholesteryl ester CLAs (r = -0.33, -0.42, and -0.49, respectively) were significantly inversely related to length of gestation. Triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester AA were positively related to length of gestation (r = 0.41 and 0.37, respectively) and birth weight (r = 0.27 and 0.23, respectively). Inverse correlations occurred between infant plasma TFA and DHA concentrations in triacylglycerols (r = -0.33) and between TFA and AA concentrations in cholesteryl esters (r = -0.23). CONCLUSION: The results suggest possible important effects of TFAs and of AA on fetal growth and length of gestation.

Arachidonic Acid↗
PubMed2001

Dietary fatty acid composition in pregnancy alters neurite membrane fatty acids and dopamine in newborn rat brain.

The importance of maternal dietary fatty acids on arachidonic acid [AA; 20:4(n-6)] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA; 22:6(n-3)] in fetal brain nerve growth cone membranes and monoaminergic neurotransmitters was investigated. Rats were fed purified diets containing 20 g/100 g safflower oil with 74.3% 18:2(n-6), 0.2% 18:3(n-3), soybean oil with 55.4% 18:2(n-6), 7.7% 18:3(n-3) or high fish oil with 24.6% 22:6(n-3) through gestation. Tissue for rats within a litter were pooled at birth, brain growth cone membranes prepared and phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) fatty acids quantified by gas-liquid chromatography. Dopamine, serotonin, and the metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid, and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid were quantified by HPLC. Growth cone membranes from offspring of rats fed safflower oil had significantly lower, and offspring of rats fed high 22:6(n-3) fish oil had significantly higher 22:6(n-3) in PE, PS and PI than the soybean oil group. The growth cone membrane PC, PE and PS 20:4(n-6) was significantly lower in the fish oil than in the soybean or safflower oil groups. Serotonin concentration was significantly higher in brain of offspring in the safflower oil compared with the soybean oil group. The newborn brain dopamine was inversely related to PE DHA and PS DHA (P < 0.001), but positively related to PC AA (P < 0.05). These studies show that maternal dietary fatty acids may alter fetal brain growth cone (n-6) and (n-3) fatty acids, and neurotransmitters involved in neurite extension, target finding and synaptogenesis. The functional importance, however, is not known at this time.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Growth and development in term infants fed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a double-masked, randomized, parallel, prospective, multivariate study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of dietary intake of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid (AA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on multiple indices of infant growth and development. DESIGN: A double-masked, randomized, parallel trial was conducted with term infants fed formulas with or without AA+DHA for 1 year (N = 239). Reference groups of breastfed infants (N = 165) weaned to formulas with and without AA+DHA were also studied. Infants in the formula groups were randomized at </=9 days of age to a control formula with no AA or DHA (n = 77) or 1 of 2 otherwise identical formulas containing AA+DHA (AA, 0.46% and DHA, 0.14% of total fatty acids) from either egg-derived triglyceride (egg-DTG [n=80]) or fish oil and fungal oil (fish/fungal [n = 82]) at levels similar to the average in breast milk samples as measured in the reference group. All formulas contained 50% of energy from fat with the essential dietary fatty acids, linoleic acid (20% fatty acids) and alpha-linolenic acid (2% fatty acids). The main study outcomes were AA and DHA levels in plasma and red blood cells, and multiple measures of infant development at multiple ages from birth to 14 months: growth, visual acuity, information processing, general development, language, and temperament. RESULTS: AA and DHA levels in plasma and red cells were higher in AA+DHA-supplemented groups than in the control formula group and comparable to those in reference groups. No developmental test results distinguished these groups. Expected differences in family demographics associated with breastfeeding were found, but no advantages to breastfeeding on any of the developmental outcome demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: These findings do not support adding AA+DHA to formulas containing 10% energy as linoleic acid and 1% energy as alpha-linolenic acid to enhance growth, visual acuity, information processing, general development, language, or temperament in healthy, term infants during the first 14 months after birth.infant development, breast feeding, infant formula, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid.

Arachidonic Acid↗
PubMed2000

Low erucic acid canola oil does not induce heart triglyceride accumulation in neonatal pigs fed formula.

Canola oil is not approved for use in infant formula largely because of concerns over possible accumulation of triglyceride in heart as a result of the small amounts of erucic acid (22:1n-9) in the oil. Therefore, the concentration and composition of heart triglyceride were determined in piglets fed from birth for 10 (n = 4-6) or 18 (n = 6) d with formula containing about 50% energy fat as 100% canola oil (0.5% 22:1n-9) or 100% soybean oil, or 26% canola oil or soy oil (blend) with palm, high-oleic sunflower and coconut oil, providing amounts of 16:0 and 18:1 closer to milk, or a mix of soy, high-oleic sunflower and flaxseed oils with C16 and C18 fatty acids similar to canola oil but without 22:1. Biochemical analysis found no differences in heart triglyceride concentrations among the groups at 10 or 18 d. Assessment of heart triglycerides using Oil Red O staining in select treatments confirmed no differences between 10-d-old piglets fed formula with 100% canola oil (n = 4), 100% soy oil (n = 4), or the soy oil blend (n = 2). Levels of 22:1n-9 in heart triglyceride and phospholipid, however, were higher (P<0.01) in piglets fed 100% canola oil or the canola oil blend, with higher levels found in triglycerides compared with phospholipids. The modest accumulation of 22:1n-9 associated with feeding canola oil was not associated with biochemical evidence of heart triglyceride accumulation at 10 and 18 d.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

Essential fatty acids in infant nutrition: lessons and limitations from animal studies in relation to studies on infant fatty acid requirements.

Animal studies have been of pivotal importance in advancing knowledge of the metabolism and roles of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and the effects of specific dietary intakes on membrane composition and related functions. Advantages of animal studies include the rigid control of fatty acid and other nutrient intakes and the degree, timing, and duration of deficiency or excess, the absence of confounding environmental and clinical variables, and the tissue analysis and testing procedures that cannot be performed in human studies. However, differences among species in nutrient requirements and metabolism and the severity and duration of the dietary treatment must be considered before extrapolating results to humans. Studies in rodents and nonhuman primates fed diets severely deficient in alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) showed altered visual function and behavioral problems, and played a fundamental role by identifying neural systems that may be sensitive to dietary n-3 fatty acid intakes; this information has assisted researchers in planning clinical studies. However, whereas animal studies have focused mainly on 18:3n-3 deficiency, there is considerable clinical interest in docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) supplementation. Information from animal studies suggests that brain and retinal concentrations of 22:6n-3 plateau with 18:3n-3 intakes of approximately 0.7% of energy, but this requirement is influenced by dietary 18:2n-6 intake. Blood and tissue concentrations of 22:6n-3 increase as 22:6n-3 intake increases, with adverse effects on growth and function at high intakes. Animal studies can provide important information on the mechanisms of both beneficial and adverse effects and the pathways of brain 22:6n-3 uptake.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Dietary n-3 fatty acid restriction during gestation in rats: neuronal cell body and growth-cone fatty acids.

Growth cones are membrane-rich structures found at the distal end of growing axons and are the predecessors of the synaptic membranes of nerve endings. This study examined whether n-3 fatty acid restriction during gestation in rats alters the composition of growth cone and neuronal cell body membrane fatty acids in newborns. Female rats were fed a standard control diet containing soy oil (8% of fatty acids as 18:3n-3 by wt) or a semisynthetic n-3 fatty acid-deficient diet with safflower oil (0.3% of fatty acids as 18:3n-3 by wt) throughout normal pregnancy. Experiments were conducted on postnatal day 2 to minimize the potential for contamination from synaptic membranes and glial cells. Dietary n-3 fatty acid restriction resulted in lower docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations and a corresponding higher docosapentaenoic acid concentration in neuronal growth cones, but had no effects on neuronal cell body fatty acid concentrations. These studies suggest that accretion of DHA in growth cones, but not neuronal cell bodies, is affected by n-3 fatty acid restriction during gestation. Differences in other fatty acids or components between the semisynthetic and the standard diet, however, could have been involved in the effects on growth-cone DHA content. The results also provide evidence to suggest that the addition of new membrane fatty acids to neurons during development occurs along the shaft of the axon or at the growth cone, rather than originating at the cell body.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Diverse, region-specific effects of addition of arachidonic and docosahexanoic acids to formula with low or adequate linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids on piglet brain monoaminergic neurotransmitters.

Differences in visual, auditory, and learning tasks have been reported for infants and animals given diets varying in omega-3 fatty acids, but the neurobiochemical basis for these changes is unclear. This study investigated the effect of feeding formula with 0.8% energy C18:2omega-6 + 0.05% C18:3omega-3 (low), or 8.3% C18:2omega-6 + 0.8% C18:3omega-3 (adequate), with and without 0.2% energy arachidonic acid (C20:4omega-6) and 0.16% docosahexanoic acid (C22:6omega-3), on monoaminergic neurotransmitters in different brain regions of piglets fed formula from birth to 18 d. The amount of C18:2omega-6 + C18:3omega-3 fed in formula had a significant effect on frontal cortex dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid; striatum serotonin and inferior colliculus serotonin, resulting in lower concentrations in piglets fed the low compared with adequate C18:2omega-6 + C18:3omega-3 formula. Inclusion of arachidonic acid and docosahexanoic acid in the low, but not in the adequate, C18:2omega-6 + C18:3omega-3 formula resulted in increased concentrations of all monoamines in the frontal cortex, and in striatum and inferior colliculus serotonin. Feeding arachidonic acid and docosahexanoic acid in the formulas increased dopamine and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid in superior and inferior colliculus, areas related to processing and integration of visual and auditory information. Higher dopamine and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid were found in these regions even when arachidonic acid and docosahexanoic acid were added to the C18:2omega-6 + C18:3omega-3 adequate formula. This study suggests that functional changes among animals and infants fed diets varying in omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids may involve altered neurotransmitter metabolism.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed1999

Neonatal polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism.

The importance of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in neonatal development, particularly with respect to the developing brain and retina, is well known. This review combines recent information from basic science and clinical studies to highlight recent advances in knowledge on PUFA metabolism and areas where research is still needed on infant n-6 and n-3 fatty acid requirements. Animal, cell culture, and infant studies are consistent in demonstrating that synthesis of 22:6n-3 involves C24 PUFA and that the amounts of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 influence PUFA metabolism. Studies to show that addition of n-6 fatty acids beyond delta6-desaturase alters n-6 fatty acid metabolism with no marked increase in tissue 20:4n-6 illustrate the limitations of analyses of tissue fatty acid compositions as an approach to study the effects of diet on fatty acid metabolism. New information to show highly selective pathways for n-6 and n-3 fatty acid uptake in brain, and efficient pathways for conservation of 22:6n-3 in retina emphasizes the differences in PUFA metabolism among different tissues and the unique features which allow the brain and retina to accumulate and maintain high concentrations of n-3 fatty acids. Further elucidation of the delta6-desaturases involved in 24:5n-6 and 22:6n-3 synthesis; the regulation of fatty acid movement between the endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomes; partitioning to acylation, desaturation and oxidation; and the effects of dietary and hormonal factors on these pathways is needed for greater understanding of neonatal PUFA metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Dietary phospholipid alters biliary lipid composition in formula-fed piglets.

Plasma cholesterol, arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) are higher in breast-fed infants than in infants fed formula without cholesterol, AA, or DHA. This study investigated differences in plasma, hepatic, and bile lipids and phospholipid fatty acids, and expression of hepatic proteins involved in sterol metabolism that result from feeding formula with cholesterol with egg phospholipid to provide AA and DHA. For this study, three groups of piglets were evaluated: piglets fed formula with 0.65 mmol/L cholesterol, the same formula with 0.8% AA and 0.2% DHA from egg phospholipid, and piglets fed sow milk. Piglets fed the formula with phospholipid AA and DHA had higher plasma high density lipoprotein, but not apoprotein (apo) B cholesterol or triglyceride; higher bile acid and phospholipid concentrations in bile; and higher liver and bile phospholipid AA and DHA than piglets fed formula without AA and DHA (P < 0.05). Hydroxy methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase and 7-alpha-hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzymes of cholesterol and bile acid synthesis, respectively, and low density lipoprotein receptor mRNA levels were not different between piglets fed formula without and with phospholipid AA and DHA, but HMG-CoA reductase and 7alpha-hydroxylase mRNA were higher, and plasma apo B containing lipoprotein cholesterol was lower in all piglets fed formula than in piglets fed milk. These studies show that supplementing formula with AA and DHA from egg phospholipid alters bile metabolism by increasing the bile AA and DHA, and bile acid and phospholipid.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Variability in the trans fatty acid content of foods within a food category: implications for estimation of dietary trans fatty acid intakes.

OBJECTIVE: Currently, the published information on trans fatty acid composition of foods is incomplete and of questionable accuracy. Detailed fatty acid analysis of over 200 foods was undertaken for the purpose of determining the variability in trans fatty acid content among foods within a product category, and the significance of this variability to the estimation of trans fatty acids intakes from analysis of dietary intake data. METHODS: The analysis of food fatty acids used gas-liquid chromatography with 100 m capillary columns and standardized methodologies for food sampling, fat extraction, separation and quantification of trans fatty acid isomers. For the purposes of this report, trans refers to all non-naturally occurring isomers including trans, cis-trans, geometric and positional isomers. RESULTS: The results show that the amount of trans fatty acids varies considerably among foods within a category, reflecting differences in the fats and oils used in the manufacturing or preparation process. For example, the range of trans fatty acids in 17 brands of crackers was 23 to 51% total fatty acids, representing differences of from 1 to 13 g trans fatty acids per 100 g cracker. The large errors that may arise in estimates of the trans fatty acid intake of an individual are illustrated by analyses of the potential trans fatty acid intake in a sample diet, for each food as calculated using the minimum and maximum values for trans fatty acids within a given category. The results of these analyses show estimates of trans fatty acid intake from a low of 1.4 to 25.4 g a day for the same diet. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the wide variability in trans fatty acid content of different foods may result in large errors in the estimation of trans fatty acid intake of individuals and, potentially, groups.

Canada↗
PubMed1999

Plasma lipoprotein fatty acids are altered by the positional distribution of fatty acids in infant formula triacylglycerols and human milk.

BACKGROUND: Triacylglycerol digestion involves hydrolysis of fatty acids esterified at the glycerol 1,3 positions by gastric and pancreatic lipase to produce 2-monoacylglycerols and unesterified fatty acids, which are then absorbed, reesterified to triacylglycerol, and secreted in chylomicrons. Palmitic acid (16:0) is predominantly esterified to the 2 position of human milk triacylglycerol but to the 1,3 positions in the oils used in infant formulas. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine whether the position of 16:0 in human milk and infant formula triacylglycerol influences the position of fatty acids in postprandial plasma chylomicron triacylglycerol. DESIGN: Full-term infants were fed formula with 25-27% 16:0 with either 39% of the 16:0(synthesized triacylglycerol) or 6% of the 16:0 (standard formula) esterified at the triacylglycerol 2 position, or were breast-fed (23% 16:0, 81% at the triacylglycerol 2 position) from birth to 120 d of age. Chylomicron fatty acids and plasma lipids were assessed at 30 and 120 d of age. RESULTS: Infants fed the synthesized triacylglycerol formula, standard formula, or breast milk had 15.8%,8.3%, and 28.0% 16:0 in the chylomicron triacylglycerol 2 position (P < 0.05). These results suggest that >/=50% of the dietary triacylglycerol 2-position 16:0 is conserved through digestion, absorption, and chylomicron triacylglycerol synthesis in breast-fed and formula-fed infants. Infants fed the synthesized triacylglycerol formula had significantly lower HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I and higher apolipoprotein B concentrations than infants fed the standard formula. CONCLUSION: Dietary triacylglycerol fatty acid distribution may alter lipoprotein metabolism in young infants.

Cholesterol Esters↗
PubMed1999

trans Fatty acids in human milk are inversely associated with concentrations of essential all-cis n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and determine trans, but not n-6 and n-3, fatty acids in plasma lipids of breast-fed infants.

BACKGROUND: Human milk fatty acids vary with maternal dietary fat composition. Hydrogenated dietary oils with trans fatty acids may displace cis n-6 and n-3 unsaturated fatty acids or have adverse effects on their metabolism. The effects of milk trans, n-6, and n-3 fatty acids in breast-fed infants are unclear, although n-6 and n-3 fatty acids are important in infant growth and development. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the relations between trans and cis unsaturated fatty acids in milk and plasma phospholipids and triacylglycerols of breast-fed infants, and to identify the major maternal dietary sources of trans fatty acids. DESIGN: We collected milk from 103 mothers with exclusively breast-fed 2-mo-old infants, blood from 62 infants, and 3-d dietary records from 21 mothers. RESULTS: Mean (+/-SEM) percentages of trans fatty acids were as follows: milk, 7.1 +/- 0.32%; infants' triacylglycerols, 6.5 +/- 0. 33%; and infants' phospholipids, 3.7 +/- 0.16%. Milk trans fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) (P < 0.001), and linoleic acid (18:2n-6) (P = 0.007) were each related to the same fatty acid in infant plasma phospholipids. Milk trans fatty acids were inversely related to milk 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, but not to milk or infant plasma 20:4n-6 or 22:6n-3. trans Fatty acids represented 7.7% of maternal total fat intake (2.5% of total energy); the major dietary sources were bakery products and breads (32%), snacks (14%), fast foods (11%), and margarines and shortenings (11%). CONCLUSIONS: There were comparable concentrations of trans fatty acids in the maternal diet, breast milk, and plasma triacylglycerols of breast-fed infants. Prepared foods were the major dietary source of trans fatty acids.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1999

Docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid prevent a decrease in dopaminergic and serotoninergic neurotransmitters in frontal cortex caused by a linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid deficient diet in formula-fed piglets.

This study examined the effects of diets deficient (D) in linoleic [18:2(n-6)] and linolenic acid [18:3(n-3)] at 0.8 and 0.05% energy, respectively, or adequate (C) in 18:2(n-6) and 18:3(n-3) at 8.3 and 0.8% energy, respectively, without (-) or with (+) 0.2% energy arachidonic [20:4(n-6)] and 0.16% energy docosahexaenoic [22:6(n-3)] acid in piglets fed from birth to 18 d. Frontal cortex dopaminergic and serotoninergic neurotransmitters and phospholipid fatty acids were measured. Piglets fed the D- diet had significantly lower frontal cortex dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations than did piglets fed the C- diets. Frontal cortex dopamine, norepinephrine, DOPAC, HVA, serotonin and 5-HIAA were higher in piglets fed the D+ compared to those fed the D- diet (P < 0.05) and not different between piglets fed the D+ and those fed the C- diets or the C- and C+ diets. Piglets fed the D- diet had lower frontal cortex phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) 20:4(n-6) and PC and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) 22:6(n-3) than did piglets fed the C- diet (P < 0.05). Piglets fed the D+ diet had higher frontal cortex PC and PI 20:4(n-6) and PC, PE, PS and PI 22:6(n-3) than did piglets fed the D- diet. These studies show that dietary essential fatty acid deficiency fed for 18 d from birth affects frontal cortex neurotransmitters in rapidly growing piglets and that these changes are specifically due to 20:4(n-6) and/or 22:6(n-3).

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Dietary canola oil alters hematological indices and blood lipids in neonatal piglets fed formula.

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of canola oil on platelet characteristics, blood lipids and growth in exclusively formula-fed piglets. Piglets were fed from birth to 10 or 18 d with formula containing 51% energy from fat, with 100% fat as canola or soybean oil; 26% soybean, 59% high oleic acid sunflower and 12% flax oil (canola mimic); or 26% canola (canola blend) or soybean (soybean blend) with high oleic acid sunflower, palm and coconut oil. The canola mimic provided similar carbon chain 16 and 18 fatty acids without the sterol or 20:1 and erucic acid (22:1) of canola oil. The oil blends provided formula resembling infant formulas but with higher 16:0 and lower unsaturated fatty acid levels than in canola or soybean oil. Body weight, weight gain and heart and liver weight were not different after 10 or 18 d feeding canola when compared to soybean oil alone or blended oil formulas. Piglets fed formulas with 100% canola oil had lower platelet counts than piglets fed formula soybean oil or the canola oil mimic. Platelet counts were lower, and platelet distribution width and volume were higher, when formulas with 100% canola or soybean rather than the blended oil formulas were fed. The results show that formula fat composition influences the developing hematological system and that canola oil suppresses the normal developmental increase in platelet count in piglets by a mechanism apparently unrelated to the formula 16:0, 18:1, 18:2(n-6) or 18:3(n-3), or plasma phospholipid 20:4(n-6) or 20:5(n-3).

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Early diet influences hepatic hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase and 7alpha-hydroxylase mRNA but not low-density lipoprotein receptor mRNA during development.

Plasma cholesterol levels increase after birth, and to a greater extent in breast-fed versus formula-fed infants. This increase is believed to be due to the high fat and cholesterol content of the infant diet, but little is known about the effects of early diet on the expression of proteins involved in regulating cholesterol metabolism. This study examined changes in the expression of hepatic proteins regulating cholesterol metabolism during development. Newborn piglets were fed sow milk or one of four formulas for 18 days. The formulas had similar levels of palmitic acid (16:0) as in milk, supplied as palm olein oil with 16:0 esterified predominantly to the sn-1,3 position or as synthesized triglyceride (TG) with 16:0 esterified mainly to the sn-2 position of glycerol, each with no cholesterol (<0.10 mmol/L) or 0.65 mmol/L cholesterol added. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of mRNA levels was used to assess the effects of diet on hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, and 7alpha-hydroxylase (C7H). LDL receptor mRNA levels showed no appreciable difference between milk- and formula-fed piglets. However, the levels of HMG-CoA reductase and C7H mRNA were higher (P < .05) in all formula-fed versus milk-fed piglets, irrespective of the formula TG source or cholesterol content. The lower levels of HMG-CoA reductase and C7H mRNA in milk-fed piglets were accompanied by higher (P < .05) plasma total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and apolipoprotein (apo) B-containing cholesterol. These studies show that the levels of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and C7H mRNA, but probably not LDL receptor mRNA, are altered by early diet.

Animals↗