Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to S M Parish.
A nonhealing wound associated with a laceration in a 12-year-old llama was evaluated. Initial attempts at closure were unsuccessful and biopsy revealed scar tissue. Subsequent biopsies, 18 mo later, revealed squamous cell carcinoma with regional metastasis. This report describes squamous cell carcinoma, secondary to a traumatic wound in a llama.
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A left oblique celiotomy approach was used for cesarean section in 18 standing cows (15 beef cows and 3 dairy cows). Indications for cesarean section included oversized or emphysematous fetus and uterine inertia. Poor body condition was identified as a contributing factor for dystocia in 4 cows. Abdominal wall hernias did not develop in any of the cows. Because the incision in this approach extends further cranial and ventral than in the standard left celiotomy approach, the left oblique celiotomy readily permitted manipulation and exteriorization of the gravid uterine horn. Additionally, apposition of the transversus abdominis and internal abdominal oblique muscles was facilitated by use of this technique. Closure of the incision was readily accomplished in all cows.
An 18-month-old sexually intact male llama and a 7-month-old female llama were examined because of weakness, lethargy, and recumbency. Both had signs of ascending motor paralysis with minimal or no afferent sensory loss. Tick paralysis was diagnosed on the basis of complete clinical recovery following removal of a single, attached and engorged female tick (Dermacentor andersoni) from each llama. The male llama recovered within a few hours after removal of the tick, but recovery in the female llama required several days. Serum creatine kinase activity was high in both llamas, possibly as a result of direct effects of toxin on muscles or nerves.
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Five ruminally and duodenally cannulated steers were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design with a 2 x 2 + 1 arrangement of treatments to study the effects of barley variety and dietary barley content on digestive function in steers fed grass hay-based diets. Barley varities evaluated were Russell and Steptoe, which had bulk densities of 67.7 and 64.5 kg/hL, respectively. Supplemental treatments were as follows: corn, low Russell (Ru-lo), low Steptoe (St-lo), high Russell (Ru-hi), and high Steptoe (St-hi). Corn, Ru-lo, and St-lo were provided at 30% (DM basis) of grass hay-based diets, whereas Ru-hi and St-hi were provided at 35.5% of diet DM (equal starch content as the corn treatment). No treatment differences (P > .10) were observed for DMI, ruminal particulate passage rate, and NDF total tract digestibility. Ruminal DM and starch digestibility were greater (P < .01) for barley-containing diets than for the corn diet. Similarly, total tract DM (P < .10) and starch (P < .01) digestibility was greater for barley than for corn diets. Microbial protein and non-NH3 N flow to the small intestine were greater (P < .01) for the barley diets than for the corn diet. Starch intake (P < .01) and DM digestibility (P < .10) were greater for high- than for low-barley diets; however, differences due to barley variety were not observed (P > .10). In situ disappearance of grass hay NDF at 8 and 96 h of incubation was greater (P < .05) for barley than for corn diets. Rate of in situ disappearance of grain DM was greater (P < .01) for barley than for corn and for Russell than for Steptoe barley. Responses suggest that ruminal and total tract digestibility and protein flow to the small intestine can be increased with barley compared with corn as an energy supplement to grass hay-based diets.
Telephone interviews were conducted to evaluate the association of teat chapping with combinations of premilking and postmilking teat disinfectants (predip and postdip), other management practices, and climatic conditions. Holstein dairies (n = 100) in the DHIA SCC program were randomly selected from three northwest regions. During nonwinter seasons, herd managers using an iodophor dip without skin conditioner both premilking and postmilking were 9.7 times more likely to report chapping than were those using iodophor with conditioner. The herd managers least likely to report chapping problems were those using conditioner in both the predip and postdip. Use of conditioner in postdip only was associated with intermediate frequency of reported chapping. No conditioner in either predip or postdip was associated with the greatest frequency of reported chapping. Herd managers using a different germicide in the predip and postdip reported more chapping than herd managers using the same germicide. The frequency of chapping was highest during winter in all regions, and the percentage of herd managers reporting chapping within a region was associated with the temperature extremes of the region. For seasons other than winter, characteristics of predip and postdip combinations and parlor exit or barn design were the management factors that best described an association with reported chapping.
Anaplasma marginale, a rickettsial hemoparasite of cattle and other ruminants, results in significant economic losses worldwide. Distinct strains of A. marginale have been identified based on differences in tick transmissibility, molecular size of surface proteins and DNA restriction fragments, and reactivity to a panel of monoclonal antibodies. These different strains vary considerably in their virulence, antigenic composition, and ability to protect against heterologous challenge. In this paper, we report on the molecular characterization of a newly isolated strain of A. marginale, designated St. Maries, recovered from an acutely infected cow in northern Idaho. Dermacentor andersoni ticks taken from the infected animal were tested for infection by RNA probe analysis. The infection rate of male ticks (as determined by midgut infection) was 100%, and the infection rate of female ticks was 83%. Infected male ticks were able to transmit the St. Maries strain to a susceptible calf. The high infection rate in male ticks may be particularly relevant, given that male ticks are believed to be epidemiologically important in transmission of A. marginale because of their intermittent feeding behavior, which promotes interhost transfer. The newly isolated strain differs from other US strains, including strains previously isolated in Idaho and Washington, based on reactivity to a panel of monoclonal antibodies and restriction fragment length polymorphisms. These results imply that antigenically distinct strains of A. marginale may arise within the same region.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Rupture of the urinary bladder of a cow occurred secondary to prolonged dystocia. Primary surgical closure of the tear was performed after drainage of the uroperitoneum, and the cow recovered without complications.
Listeria monocytogenes was found to be the cause of fatal suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis in a 3.5-month-old cria. The cria initially had clinical signs of unilateral peripheral vestibular disease, but on the following day, the cria developed progressive signs of encephalitis. Treatment with antibiotics, flunixin meglumine, and anticonvulsant drugs failed to stop progression of the disease, and the cria was euthanatized. Post-mortem examination revealed otitis media-interna and diffuse suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from CSF and brain tissue.
An inherited disease associated with deficiencies of beta-galactosidase and alpha-neuraminidase has been identified recently in sheep. The clinical signs, the deficiency of lysosomal enzymes, and the familial nature of the disorder suggested that the condition was a lysosomal storage disease. Four affected sheep were necropsied and their tissues were examined by histopathologic and histochemical methods to determine if the lesions were consistent with a lysosomal storage disease. Central nervous system neurons were enlarged with finely to coarsely granular cytoplasmic material, or less often, neurons were distended with multiple, variably-sized vacuoles. Loss of neurons without gliosis was evident and the Nissl substance was either dispersed and fragmented or condensed around the nuclei of remaining neurons. Neurons of intestinal and other peripheral ganglia, retinal ganglion cells, and heart Purkinje fibers were enlarged similarly. White matter of the cerebrum and spinal cord had numerous spheroid to ellipsoid axonal enlargements. Periportal hepatocytes and renal epithelial cells were enlarged with marked vacuolation. The neuronal storage material stained intensely with periodic acid-Schiff/alcian blue, with Luxol fast blue, for acid phosphatase, and moderately with oil red O stains. Renal and hepatocyte storage material stained intensely with oil red O and moderately with periodic acid-Schiff/alcian blue and Sudan black B stains. The lesions in these sheep were consistent with those of a lysosomal storage disease. Both neuronal and visceral storage occurred, but the neuronal storage was more severe.
Eight six-month-old Holstein male calves were experimentally inoculated by rectal palpation with whole blood from a donor seropositive to bovine leukosis virus. The inoculation consisted of the deposition of 2 ml of whole blood on a disposable obstetrical sleeve followed by a 30 second rectal palpation to simulate the process of pregnancy detection or artificial insemination. This procedure was repeated at weekly intervals for three consecutive weeks. All eight calves developed antibodies to bovine leukosis virus within five weeks after the initial palpation. The presence of the virus was demonstrated in the peripheral blood leucocytes of all eight calves at nine weeks. These results indicated that routine rectal palpation may be an effective mode of spread of bovine leukosis virus in susceptible cattle.
Histopathologic, ultrastructural and Golgi impregnation studies disclosed lesions characteristic of a neuronal lysosomal storage disease in related sheep with onset of neurologic signs at 4-6 months. Biochemical and enzymatic evaluation disclosed storage of GM1 ganglioside, asialo-GM1, and neutral long chain oligosaccharides in brain, urinary excretion of neutral long chain oligosaccharides, and deficiencies of lysosomal beta-galactosidase and alpha-neuraminidase. Retrospective and limited prospective genetic studies suggested autosomal recessive inheritance. A gene-dosage effect on beta-galactosidase levels was documented in fibroblasts from putative heterozygous sheep. Fibroblasts from affected sheep did not have increased beta-galactosidase activity after incubation with the protease inhibitor, leupeptin. In some aspects this disease is similar to GM1 gangliosidosis, but is unique in that a genetic defect in lysosomal beta-galactosidase may cause the deficiency of lysosomal alpha-neuraminidase.
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Four newborn calves from different herds were examined because of recumbency and inability to rise. Abnormal physical findings were confined to the nervous and/or musculoskeletal systems. Because of poor prognosis, all calves were euthanatized and necropsied. The histopathologic findings were multifocal lymphocytic myelitis, meningitis, and encephalitis associated with protozoal cysts.